A PRACTICAL COURSE

IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

for first-year students

of Faculty of Foreign Languages

Pedagogics Department

Compiled by T. Limareva

N. Shershneva

A. Zinkovskaya

based on English Pronunciation in Use by M. Hancock Cambridge University Press

UNIT 1

Introducing letters and sounds

 In writing, words are made of letters. In speech, words are made of sounds. Letters are not always the same as sounds. For example, the words key and car begin with the same sound, but the letters are different. We can see this clearly if we read the two words in phonemic symbols: /ki:/, /ka:/. In the examples below, word pairs have the same pronunciation but different spelling:

buy bye sun son

weak week weigh way

too two write right

There are two kinds of sounds: consonant sounds (C) and vowel sounds (V). For example, in duck, there are three sounds, consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC). The number of sounds in a word is not usually the same as the number of letters. We can see this if we write the word using phonemic symbols. For example, ‘duck’ is /dɅk/.

Writers often play with the sounds in words. For example, if they are finding a name for a cartoon character, they might:

• repeat the first sound, for example Donald Duck.

• repeat the final sound or sounds (this is called rhyme), for example Ronald McDonald.

Listen to these examples of names and expressions with sound-play. Notice that the writer is playing with the sound, not the spelling. For example, in Dennis the Menace, the last three sounds of the words are the same, but the spelling is completely different.

Mickey Mouse

Rudolf the red-nosed reindeer

Dennis the Menace

Bugs Bunny

news and views

rock and roll

wine and dine

While the cat's away, the mice will play.

There are probably some sounds in English which do not exist in the Russian language, and others which are similar but not exactly the same. This can make it difficult to hear and make the distinction between two similar words in English.

Listen to these pairs. Are any of them difficult for you?

boat - vote hit - heat so - show sung - sun wine - vine wet - wait

EXERCISES

1.1 In this story, there are 12 incorrect words. The correct word is pronounced the same as the incorrect one, but the spelling is different. Correct them using the following words.

son some meat way threw pears sent week buy piece road two

Last weak, I cent my sun Jamie to the shops to bye sum food. He got a peace of meet and too pairs. On the weigh home, the bag broke. The food fell onto the rode and got dirty. In the end, Jamie through the food in the bin.

1.2. How many sounds are there in each word? Write the order of consonant sounds (C) and vowel sounds (V).

Example

night CVC (three sounds: first a consonant, then a vowel and finally another consonant)

1. dog

2. rabbit

3. frog

4. gorilla

5. snake

6. bee

 1.3 Listen to these possible names of cartoon animals. Do they have the same first sounds? (Write A.) Do they rhyme? (Write B.)

Example Sam the lamb ...B...

1. Phil the fox

2. Mary the canary

3. Ida the spider

4. Claire the bear

5. Polly the parrot

6. Deborah the zebra

7. Myrtle the turtle

8. Kitty the cat

 1.4 Listen to these sounds. Do you have a similar sound in your language? If you do, write a tick (v).

1. /ʃ/ (shoe)

2. /ə:/ (girl)

3. /ӕ/ (hat)

4. /z/ (zoo)

5. /dӡ/ (June)

6. /əu/ (soap)

7. /Ɵ/ (thing)

8. /1/ (life)

UNIT 2

The vowel sounds /ei/ and /ӕ/

 When you say the letters of the alphabet, A has a diphthong sound /ei/. You hear this sound in the word plane. But the letter A is also pronounced as the short vowel sound /ӕ/, as in the word plan.

Listen to the sound /ei/ on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

Listen to the target sound /ei/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

meat mate met come came calm

white wait wet

buy bay boy

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound.

play played plate

grey grade great

aim age eight

The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.

Listen to the sound /ӕ/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

Listen to the target sound /ӕ/ in the words and compare it with the neighbouring words.

mud mad made

sing sang sung

pen pan pain

hot hat heart

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound.

bank bag back

can cash catch

ham has har

The fat cat sat on the man's black hat.

SPELLING

	frequently
/ei/	A-E (mate), AY (say), EY(grey), EI (eight), Al (wait), EA (great)
/ӕ/	VC (at), CVC (bat, sat, rat)

EXERCISES

2.1 Write words for the things in the picture.

2.2 These words all contain the vowel sound /ӕ/. Make another word with the same consonant sounds, but changing the vowel sound to /ei/.

Examples pan→ pain plan→plane

1. at

2. mad

3. man

4. tap

5. ran

6. hat

 2.3 Listen and underline the word with a different vowel sound.

Example black want mad hand

1. sad bag salt tap

2. far fat map add

3. watch catch match land

4. rain said fail train

5. case lake name care

6. space change plate square

7. break great heat weight

Then listen again and check.

 2.4 Listen and underline the word you hear.

1. Man or men? Did you see the man / men?

2. Cap or cup? Have you seen my cap / cup?

3. Hat or heart? She put her hand on her hat / heart.

4. Pain or pen? I've got a pain / pen in my hand.

5. Hay or hair? There are bugs in this hay / hair.

UNIT 3

The consonant sounds /b/ and /p/

 When you say the alphabet, the letters B and P have the sounds /bi:/ and /pi:/. In words, they have the consonant sounds /b/ and /p/.

Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make these sounds:

Listen to the sounds /b/ and /p/.

The mouth is in the same position for both sounds, however in the sound /b/ there is voice from the throat, in /p/, there is no voice from the throat. Instead, there is a small explosion of air when the lips open.

Now listen to the sound /b/ on its own.

Listen to the target sound /b/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

Vest best vest

cups cubs cups

covered cupboard covered

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound

buy bird bread

rubber about able

job web globe

Bernie brought a big breakfast back to bed.

Listen to the sound /p/ on its own.

Listen to the target sound /p/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

full pull full

cubs cups cubs

coffee copy coffee

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound

park please price

open apple spring

tape help jump

Pat put purple paint in the pool.

SPELLING

	Frequently	notes
/b/	B (job) BB (rubber)	B is sometimes silent (comb).
/p/	P (open) PP (apple)	PH pronounced /f/ (phone). P is sometimes silent (psychology).

EXERCISES

 3.1 First read this conversation to the end, and then write the letter 'b' or 'p' in each gap. Listen and cheek your answers.

SID: Where are the ...ears?

JOE: …ears?!!! Did you say …ears?

SID: No, …ears, you know, fruit!

JOE: Oh, I see, …ears with a P! They're in the …ack.

SID: What, in the …ack of the truck?

JOE: No, in the …ack, you know, with a P!

SID: Oh, I see, …ack with a P! Would you like one?

JOE: No, I'll have a …each, please.

SID: A beach?!!!

3.2 The word ape contains the two sounds /ei/ and /p/. If you reverse the sounds, you get the word pay /pei/. Reverse the sounds in these words and write the new word.

Example tops→spot

1. peach

2. cab

3. lip

4. step

5. keeps

 3.3 Listen. In one word in each group, the 'b' or 'p' is not pronounced. Underline the word.

Example double doubt Dublin

1. lamb label lab

2. crab robbed climb

3. cup cupboard copy

4. photo potato paper

5. recipe repeat receipt

6. possibly psychology special

7. Cambridge combine combing

 3.4 Listen and mark (•) the sentence you hear, A or B.

A	B
There's a bear in that tree.	There's a pear in that tree.
He had the beach to himself.	He had the peach to himself.
They burned it	They've earned it.
Say 'boil'.	Save oil.
This is a nicer pear.	This is a nice affair.
Would you like a copy?	Would you like a coffee?

UNIT 4

The consonant sounds /s/ and /z/

 When you say the alphabet, the letters C and S are pronounced /si:/ and /es/. Notice they both have the consonant sound /s/. But S is also often pronounced as the consonant sound /z/.

Listen to the sounds /s/ and /z/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make these consonant sounds. Notice that in the sound /s/, there is no voice from the throat. It sounds like the noise of a snake. In the sound /z/, there is voice from the throat. It sounds like the noise of a bee.

Now listen to the sound /s/ on its own.

Listen to the target sound /s/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

zoo	Sue	zoo
rise	rice	rise
shave	save	shave
thing	sing	thing

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound.

sad city science scream

glasses concert lost

bus place class