- •1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics
- •2. Branches of Phonetics
- •3. The classification of English consonant sounds
- •4. The classification of English vowel sounds
- •5. The phoneme
- •6. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •7. Main phonological schools.
- •8. Main trends in phoneme theory
- •9. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates.
- •10. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length.
- •11. The unstressed vocalism of the English language.
- •12. The notion of alternation and its types
- •13. Contextual alternations in English.
- •14. Modifications of sounds in English. Modification of English consonants in connected speech. Assimilation.
- •15. Modification of English sounds in connected speech. Elision. Accommodation. Vowel reduction.
- •16. Syllable. Functional characteristics of the syllable
- •17.Theory on syllable division and formation.
- •18. He structure and functions of syllables in English.
- •19. Nature of word stress. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress.
- •20. Functions and tendencies of the Englishstress
- •21. Interrelation of word stress and sentence stress.
- •22. Typology of accentual structures.
- •23. Intonation and prosody: definition, approaches, functions, spheres of application.
- •24. Components of intonation and the structure of English tone-group.
- •25. Temporal and timber components of intonation.
- •27. Spoken and written language.
- •28. The communicative function of intonation.
- •29. Extralinguistic situation and its components.
- •30. Classification of phonetic styles on suprasegmental level.
- •31. Classification of phonetic styles on segmental level. Stylistic modifications of sounds.
- •Informational
- •32. Othography and its principles.
- •33. National language, national variants, dialects.
- •34. American English as a national variety of the English language.
- •35. Variations of pronunciation within orthoepic norms.
- •36. Received Pronunciation. Classifications of main types.
- •37. The main changes in Received Pronunciation.
- •38. Main differences between southern and northern dialects of England.
- •39. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •40. Phonostylistics. Types and styles of pronunciation in English. Intonational styles.
- •41. Standard English pronunciation. Tendencies of Modern English pronunciation
- •42. Social and territorial differentiation of English pronunciation.
- •43. Style-modifying factors
29. Extralinguistic situation and its components.
the totality of extralinguistic features having relevance to a communicative act. In translation we deal with two languages (two codes) and to verify the information they give us about the extralinguistic objects (and concepts) we should consider extralinguistic situation, and background information.
As an object of linguistic study translation is a complex entity consisting of the following interrelated components:
a) elements and structures of the source text;
b) elements and structures of the target language;
c) transformation rules to transform the elements and structures of the source text into those of the target text;
d) systems of the languages involved in translation;
e) conceptual content and organization of the source text;
f) conceptual content and organization of the target text;
g) interrelation of the conceptual contents of the source and target texts.
30. Classification of phonetic styles on suprasegmental level.
uprasegmental level of Phonetics is represented by Suprasegmental phonemes. Suprasegmental phonemes are formed by such components of the sound matter of the language as the time, force, pitch. They are also distinctive functional units. The class of Suprasegmental phonemes is subdivided into accentual, intonational, junctual.
Accentual phonemes (word stress)
The word-stress fulfills the following functions:
constitutive (helps to organize sound continuum into words)
recognitive (helps to identify syllables as an accentual pattern of a word)
distinctive (helps to distinguish the meanings of words: a present - to present)
31. Classification of phonetic styles on segmental level. Stylistic modifications of sounds.
Styles of speech according to the purpose of communication.
Informational
academic (scientific)
publicistic (oratorical)
declamatory (artistic)
colloquial (familiar)
Using the informational style the speaker ought to be careful not to distract the listener by what he is saying (TV-announcers). Written representation of oral and prepared speech.
Scientific style is used in lectures or science subjects or when reading out loud a piece of scientific prose. The purpose is to attract the listener’s attention to what is the most important in the lecture.
Publicistic style is used by politicians, the purpose is to except the influence of the listener to convince him of something, and make him accept the speaker’s point of view.
It is used in reading poetry, prose aloud, in stage speech to appeal to the feelings of the listener.
Conversational formulae familiar of everyday communication are used in speech of friends within similar groups. It can have a wide range of intonation patterns.
Traditionally 2 types of pronunciation are distinguished according to the style of speech: formal and informal.
Formal speech suggests dispassionate information on the part of the speaker. It is characterized by careful articulation and slow speed. This style has different names:
careful colloquial style;
formal slow colloquial style;
normal speed colloquial style;
full style.
Informal speech is used in everyday conversations. The following definitions are also used:
rapid colloquial style;
conversational style.