IV. Learn to speak professional medical English

13. Complete the definitions below

1. The cell is … .

2. The most important organelles include … .

3. The nucleus is … .

4. The granules contain … .

5. The prophase is … .

6. The metaphase is … .

7. The anaphase is … .

8. The telophase is … .

14. Read the text below and speak about the cell composition

Клетки организма человека состоят из разнообразных химических соединений неорганической и органической природы. К неорганическим веществам клетки относятся вода и соли. Вода составляет до 80% массы клетки. Она растворяет вещества, участвующие в химических реакциях: переносит питательные вещества, выводит из клетки отработанные и вредные соединения. Минеральные соли – хлорид натрия, хлорид калия и др. – играют важную роль в распределении воды между клетками и межклеточным веществом. Отдельные химические элементы, такие, как кислород, водород, азот, сера, железо, магний, цинк, йод, фосфор, участвуют в создании жизненно важных органических соединений.

Органические соединения образуют до 20-30% массы каждой клетки. Среди органических соединений наибольшее значение имеют углеводы, жиры, белки и нуклеиновые кислоты.

V. Learn to translate professional English medical texts

15. Translate the text below into Russian

The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Humans have about 100 trillion cells; a typical cell size is 10 µm and a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The largest cells are about 135 µm in the anterior horn in the spinal cord while granule cells in the cerebellum, the smallest, can be some 4 µm and the longest cell can reach from the toe to the lower brain stem (Pseudounipolar cells).

In 1835, before the final cell theory was developed, Jan Evangelista Purkinje observed small "granules" while looking at the plant tissue through a microscope. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.