X. Напишите по одному вопросу к каждому предложению и устно ответьте на них.

Вариант 4

1. Напишите слова, от которых образованы данные: addition, coexist, national, different, depending, majority, litigation, appellate, exception, enterpretation, judicial, unconstitutional.

2. По формальным признакам определите группу подлежащего и сказуемого в предложении:

All other cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts.

3. Напишите транскрипцию следующих слов и запомните их чтение: government, function, identical, jurisdiction, majority, appeal, appellate, exception, review, supreme, judicial.

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4. Прочитайте текст и найдите интернациональные слова, определите их значение.

The Organization of the Federal Courts Today.

The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with the state courts.

Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided in lower courts.

The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All other cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts. The Supreme Court chooses which of these it will hear. Most of the cases involve the interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court also has the “power of judicial review”, that is, it has the right to declare laws and actions of the federal, state, and local governments unconstitutional. While not stated in the Constitution, this power was established over time.

V. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. сосуществовать

2. подпадать под юрисдикцию

3. подать иск

4. судебное разбирательство (тяжба)

5. апелляционные суды

6. рассматривать дело

7. подавляющее большинство

VI. Объясните значения следующих выражений двумя предложениями из текста:

1. The power of judicial review

2. Like a pyramid.

VII. Определите, соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. Most of cases are considered in the federal courts.

2. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court.

3. Any court has the “power of judicial review”.

VIII. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why is the American court system complex?

2. Which courts are most of cases resolved in?

3. In what way are the federal courts organized ?

4. What does the word “to appeal” mean?

What does the phrase “the power of judicial review” mean?

IX. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в тексте словами и словосочетаниями в соответствующей форме. Переведите текст на русский язык

Cabinet; benches; Foreign Secretary;

Backbenchers; Budget; Shadow Cabinet;

Prime Minister; Speaker; Home Secretary;

Ministers; front bench; Leader of the Opposition;

Debates; Opposition; Chancellor of the Exchequer.

This is the House of Commons, where Members of Parliament take their seats on the green leather a)______ according to their party and position. One of them is chosen to be the b)______, who acts as a kind of chairman of the c)_______ which take place in the House. In front of him on his right sit the MPs of the biggest party , which forms the government, and facing them sit the MPs of the parties who oppose them, the d)______. The leaders of these two groups sit at the front on each side. MPs without special positions in their parties sit behind their leaders at the back. They are called e)______ . The leader of the government, the f)______ , sits on the government g)______, of course, next to his or her h)______. The most important of these form the i)______ . The minister responsible for relations with other countries is called the j)_____. The one responsible for law and security is called the k)_____. The one who deals with financial matters and prepares the annual l)_____ speech on the economic state of the country is called the m)______. Opposite this group sits the n)______ (the main person in the largest party opposing the government) and the o)______ , each member of which specializes n a particular area of government.