First, second, soon; then; next; later; some time later; after a while; at last; finally; eventually; afterwards; as a result; meanwhile; in the meantime; at the same time; on the other hand; however

Exercise № 81. This time try to write some other ten sentences on your country hardship in recent time. Use the same phrases to start your sentences.

Exercise № 82. Grammar practice.

Hear and See can be followed by an object and infinitive or participle 1.

Model: I heard him go down the office at around midnight.

I heard him going down the road towards the banks.

Some other verbs can be used similar, for instance: watch, notice, observe.

Now, using the models above, make your own sentences about American and Russian tycoons.

The Paragraph Writing

A paragraph is a unit of thought made up of a set of related sentences. All sentences of the paragraph work together to develop a single, central idea. The paragraph contains three parts. A topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. Sentences in the body of the paragraph support the main idea with specific details. The conclusion summarizes the ideas in the paragraph. All the part of the paragraph work together.

• First, a paragraph has a main idea that is expressed in a TOPIC SENTENCE.

• Second, the paragraph has main SUPPORTING IDEAS, all of which relate to the topic sentence. To support the topic sentence, ‘Owning a car is very expensive’, the writer chose the following main supporting ideas: 1. We need money to buy a car. 2. We have to pay for a sticker and a license plate. 3. we must have accident insurance and pay property tax. 4. we must pay for gas and repairs.

• Third, the ideas in the paragraph must be presented in a logical order or in the order of time.

• LOGICAL ORDER is especially important showing a process. To show the logical order, logical indicators are often used.

• A paragraph is a group of related sentences that support the writer’s central idea.

Study this sample to understand the process of paragraph writing.

Owning a car is very expensive, in fact, not only is buying a car expensive initially, but we must also spend a lot of money on it once we have bought it. First, we have to have the cash to buy the car, or at least to make a down payment. If it is a new car, this can be a large amount. Then, after we buy it we have to pay a tax to get a county sticker and license plate. Next, we have to pay a small sum to get an inspection sticker. In addition, we have to get accident insurance and, in some areas, also pay an annual personal property tax. Later, in addition to gas, we will have to pay for repairs for our car and for the yearly inspections. Those things will all cost us a lot of money. It is easy to see why it is expensive to own a car.

E xercise № 83.Make a paragraph of 70 words about the picture below.

Unit Eight. Some Great American and Russian People Profiles

Brainstorming:

As you’ve already gone through most of this book, you can specify a number of people who played important role for the country. Make a list of these people and specify their position and a period of their life.

The United States:

George Washington - the Chief Commander of American Continental Army,

Exercise № 84. In groups of two or three students decide what famous Americans you know, and tell the class why they are famous for.

Exercise № 85. There is a number of traditional festivals and holidays in the United States. Make up a list of three or four American festivals, and make a short summary of each festival, paying attention to famous people involvement.

Model: On the Fourth of July, or Independence Day, Americans celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is usually celebrated with outdoor activities, such as picnics, sporting events, parades, and firework displays. Thomas Jefferson and other Fathers of the Nation are willingly remembered in every American family. (50 words)

Exercise № 86. This time you need to think over traditions of folk music in America. Try to remember some names of famous American musicians or composers. Explain reasons of these people fame. (20 words)

Exercise № 87. Read the following paragraph about a famous American. Then make similar information about famous people of your own country and the U.S.

Text 1. When Americans think of animated movies, they always recall the name of Walt Disney (1901 – 1966). Disney created the cartoon character of Mickey Mouse. Mickey appeared in short cartoons and became well-known by the American public. Ten years later Disney made his first feature-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. During his life Walt Disney won thirty Hollywood Academy Awards.

Text 2. When people think of American motion pictures, they often remember Charlie Chaplin. …

Text 3. (Gerald Ford) …………………

Text 4. (John F. Kennedy)…………………

Text 5. (George Washington)……………..

Text 6. (Bill Gates) ………………………..

Exercise № 88. Some places and towns became world famous because of famous American people. For instance, Detroit of Michigan became world famous automobile production center due to Henry Ford. Now think about other places in the United States which became famous because of people residing and working over there.

Exercise № 89. In this exercise you need to write one paragraph about the pictures below. Before writing consider carefully what is to be described compulsory and what can be omitted because of the length of the paragraph.

Text One: Reading comprehension.