Unit Five. Industrialization in America

Vocabulary Study

Exercise № 70. Using suffixes and prefixes, make all possible words on a basis of given words.

1. Urban 2. Industry 3. Legislator 4. Corruption 5. Business 6.Monopolize 7. Finance

Exercise № 71. Name four or five strong American corporations and tell what kind of business they deal with. You may also guess when they were founded.

1. Tobacco …………

2. Machinery …………

3. Oil and petrol …………….

4. Software and hardware …………

5. Automobile ……………………

Exercise № 72. Reading Comprehension and Text for reproduction

Standing keeper in New York Bay is the Statue of Liberty, which many consider as the symbol of New York if not of the United States itself. The placement of this monument is only fitting, for the first stop of most immigrants to the United States was at Ellis Island, not far from the statue's island pedestal. It has been once estimated that some 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island during its years of operation from 1898 to 1954 and that perhaps half of the United States' population can be traced to these masses that crowded through the island's cavernous Registry Hall.

As late as 1980 approximately one of every four New Yorkers was born outside the United States down from one out of three in 1920. New York City has the largest Jewish community in the world. The Jewish population of New York and its surroundings constitutes about a third of the United States Jewish population, and it surpasses by half that of Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Jerusalem combined. New York also has been ranked at various times as the world's largest Italian city outside Italy, the third largest Irish city, and the second largest Greek city.

H istorically the migration to New York first consisted of the English, Scots, Germans, and Scandinavians, followed by the Irish, Eastern Europeans, Italians, and Chinese. Since 1924 population growth has come from blacks moving from the South and from Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics. From 1965 to 1980 immigration from Ireland to New York amounted to 5,000 people, while in the same period more than 100,000 arrived from the Dominican Republic. The changing pattern of migration, coupled with increasing rates of middle-class departure to the suburbs, resulted in a substantial shift in the city's population. By 1980 New York City had become 25 percent black and 20 percent Hispanic. The Puerto Rican population alone, which was less than 1,000 in 1910, was nearly 900,000.

From 1970 to 1980, while blacks and Hispanics were increasing in number, New York City's overall population declined by more than 800,000 people. The number leaving more than doubled those who left the city during the 1960s. This decline, which paralleled that of other cities in the Northeast, was attributed to several factors. One prominent factor was crime, as crime rates rose to alarming levels and dramatic incidents came to symbolize the sometimes precarious existence of the middle-class New Yorker.

Questions to the text:

1. Name four major communities of New York.

2. Can describe New York population in percentage? Draw a graph on New York population.

3. Which of ethnic groups can be considered as the first wave of immigrants to New York and America?

Exercise № 73. Memorize the following idiomatic expressions and use them in your sentences.

1. Blue Blood; (aristocratic)

2. Once in a Blue Moon; (very seldom)

3. To Look Blue; (depressed)

4. To Make the Air Blue; (rude language)

5. Black and Blue; (bitten heavily)

6. Bluestocking; (educated woman)

7. The Blue; (the Sky)

8. Out of the Blue; (Very unexpectedly)

9. Bolt from the Blue; (big surprise)

10. To Cry the Blues; (paint a poor picture)

11. To Blue One’s Money; (waste money)

Exercise № 74. Translate the sentences into English using idiomatic expressions.

1. Многие иммигранты принадлежали к старинным аристократическим семьям Европы. 2. Он работал не покладая рук, но получал заработанные деньги крайне редко. 3. Высокие фабричные трубы создавали довольно унылую картину его города. 4. Здесь были и унылые женщины и вечно пьяные и избитые плотники, но крайне редко можно было встретить человека со связями. 5. Его друзья постоянно употребляли нецензурные выражения и глупо тратили свои деньги на спиртное. 6. Рабочие многих американских заводов использовали грубую и нецензурный язык в общении между собой. 7. Они с восхищением наблюдали небо, освещенное фейерверками.

US Markets Expand (Reading Comprehension)

T he United States had become more industrialized, especially in the Northeast, where the rise of textile mills and the factory system changed the lives of both, workers and consumers. In few decades, goods and services multiplied while income was increasing. The quick pace of U.S. economic growth depended on capitalism, an economic system in which businessmen and individuals controlled the means of production, and they used them to make profit. These businessmen were called entrepreneurs. At the same time, while entrepreneurial activity boosted American’s industrial output, agriculture also continued to flourish. Industrial workers needed food which they could not produce on their own. Therefore, farmers produced important goods for the American industrial machine and were becoming important consumers of manufacturing goods. As technological advances lowered prices manufactured items grew. Falling prices meant that any American worker could afford to become consumers and purchase new goods not only for work, but for comfort as well.

I ndustrial production has changed the nature of work. One hundred and fifty years ago the majority of Americans lived and worked on farms. Goods were produced in small workshops or in people's homes. The factory system of production brought workers together to operate machines. The skilled labor of the craftsman was replaced by the monotonous, repetitive work of tending a machine. As the United States industrialized, more people left farms to live in cities and work in factories. The character of industrial production continues to change as workers move from manufacturing to service industries. Many of the great factories of the 19th- and 20th-century United States were abandoned. New methods of production, such as those resulting from automation, changed factory work, which is now less strenuous and cleaner. The introduction of new products, and new methods of making them, continues to alter the nature of work.