Присвійний відмінок - possessive case

Випадок	Закінчення	Приклад
Іменник в однині	-‘s	Father’s car, boss’s office
Група слів, що утворює певну смислову єдність	-‘s	Peter and Mary’s flat Ilf and Petrov’s novel
Іменники в множині, що закінчуються на -s	‘	My friends’ names Cats’ habits
Іменники в множині, що не закінчуються на -s	-‘s	Children’s room Sheep’s milk
У присвійному відмінку вживаються іменники, що означають: 1. назви істот; 2. час і відстань; 3. назви країн, міст; 4. збірні іменники типу government, party, army, family, society; 5. будинки, квартири знайомих, друзів, назви магазинів. Значення присвійності для іменників, що позначають неживі предмети, передається сполученням іменника з прийменником of		Julia’s coat, the dog’s bone last week’s party London’s parks the government’s policy, the army’s success She is at her grandmother’s (place). – Вона у бабусі. Is there a baker’s (shop) near hear? – Чи є поблизу булочна? The start of the match, the day of the exam

THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE/ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ НЕОЗНАЧЕНИЙ ЧАС

/звичайна регулярна дія, повторювана у теперішньому/

SUBJECT (pl) + V inf … SUBJECT (sing) (HE, SHE, IT) + V inf (s/es)

Ствердження	Заперечення	Запитання
I go read You go read He, she, it goes reads We, you, they go read	I do not (don’t) go You do not go He, she, it does not go We, you, they do not go	Do I go (read)…..? Do you go (read)….? Does he (she, it) go (read)…? Do we (you, they) go/read….?

Правила вживання	1. регулярна дія у теперішньому неозначеному періоді часу	My sister wears glasses.
	2. повторювані, регулярні дії (typical time expressions): always/often/usually/sometimes/seldom/rarely/never/every day, week/on Friday/ in the morning (s)	I usually get up at 7. He doesn’t often see her.
	3. наукові та життєві істини	Summer follows spring. Food gives us energy.
	4. спостереження, узагальнення	We live in wonderful times.
	5. у підрядних реченнях причини та умови після when, after, before, as soon as, if	He will come when he finishes his work. If it doesn’t rain we’ll go for a walk.
	6. в інструкціях	First you boil the water. Then …
	7. для позначення дій як частини розкладу	The concert begins at 7. 30 and ends at 9. 30
	8. з дієсловами, що виражають почуття, думку, відносини	Who knows the answer? Mrs Smith loves poetry.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE/ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ ЧАС

/дія, що відбувається у момент мовлення або дія у розвитку, яка ще не завершена в теперішньому/

SUBJECT + AM/IS/ARE + V ing

Ствердження	Заперечення	Запитання
I am reading You are reading He, she, it is reading We, you, they are reading	I am not reading You are not reading He, she, it is not reading We, you, they are not reading	Am I reading? Are you reading? Is he (she, it) reading? Are we 9you, they) reading?

Правила вживання	1. дія, що триває в момент мовлення (typical time expressions): now/at the moment/ at present/ still	It is raining now, look.
	2. дія, яка є тривалою тільки певний період у теперішньому	She is traveling to university by bus this week.
	3. емфатичне вираження дії, яка, на думку мовця, є частою і не дуже бажаною (typical time expressions): always/constantly/forever	I’m always losing things. I can’t find anything.
	4. для передачі неминучих подій, які, на погляд мовця, обов’язково відбудуться. To be going to do smth…	Look out! The dog is going to bite you! / She is going to have a baby.
	5. заплановані дії у найближчому майбутньому (особливо з дієсловами руху)	She is meeting her friends this evening. They are coming home tomorrow.
	Дієслова, що, як правило, не вживаються в Continuous: BUT: think в значенні «виражати думку»: I think Bill is a good boy. think в значенні «мислити»: I am thinking about you at the moment.	believe, doubt, forget, imagine, know, remember, want, like, dislike, hate, possess, own, sound, taste, agree, consist, depend

ДІЄСЛОВА, ЯКІ НЕ ВЖИВАЮТЬСЯ В PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) NONPROGRESSIVE (STATE) VERBS
Nonprogressive The first-year students know this grammar.		Деякі дієслова не вживаються в жодному з тривалих (Continuous/Progressive) граматичних часів, вони не описують дії, котрі тривають у процесі. У реченні The first-year students know this grammar дієслово KNOW описує природну ментальну здатність людини знати щось.
Progressive They are reading about the irregular verbs.		У реченні They are reading about the irregular Verbs дієслово READ вжито у Continuous, оскільки воно вказує на дію, котра триває в процесі. NOTE: Деякі дієслова типу Nonprogressive можуть вживатися в Continuous; при цьому вони, як правило, вже мають інше значення. (див. табл.. нижче)
COMMON NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
1. Mental state	believe, doubt, feel (i.e. have an opinion), forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, see (=understand), suppose, think (=have an opinion), understand, want
2. Emotional state	appreciate, care, (dis)like, envy, hate, fear, love
3. Possession	belong, have, lack, own, owe, possess
4. Use of the senses	appear, hear, look (=seem), see, seem, smell, sound, taste
5. Communicating and causing reactions	agree, astonish, deny, disagree, impress, please, promise, satisfy, surprise
6. Other	be, concern, consist, contain, depend, deserve, fit, include, involve, measure, weigh
Nonprogressive (existing state)			Progressive (activity in progress)
think / think he is a kind man.			I'm thinking about my husband now .
have He has a car.			He is having trouble. She is having a good time.
see / see a butterfly. Do you see it?			The doctor is seeing the patient now.
feel The cat's fur feels soft.			She is feeling the cat's fur. It's so soft.
look You look cold. Put on a sweater.			Why are you looking out of the window?
be He is foolish ( = foolishness is his usual quality)			He is being foolish ( = Right now, at the moment of speaking he is doing smth that the speaker thinks foolish)

TYPES OF QUESTIONS / ТИПИ ЗАПИТАНЬ

General question	Alternative question	Special question	Tag - question	Question to the subject
Are you a doctor? Do you go to school every day? Have you been to Japan?	Are you a doctor or a teacher? Do you go to school or the dancing club every day? Have you been to Japan or France?	Where do you work? Why did you go to Japan? How often do you go to the cinema? When are you going to meet him?	You are a doctor, aren’t you? You go to school every day, don’t you? You have recently been to Japan, haven’t you?	Who is a doctor? Who goes to school every day? Who has been to Japan?

BUT: у розділових запитаннях TAG-questions стверджувальна частина може мати слова із відтінком заперечності в значенні (слова типу never, nobody, nowhere). У такому разі тег також залишається стверджувальним. Наприклад: Ann has never been to Spain, has she? / There is nobody in the classroom, is there?

!!! Український переклад тегу завжди звучить як «чи не так»?

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Make the following nouns irregular.

Sister, banana, foot, disco, roof, mouse, sandwich, forget-me-not, lady, tooth, window, tomato, house, bus, door, garden, camera, boy, ray, ox, child, sheep, deer, woman, man, story, wolf, hero, photo, car.

Exercise 2. Make the following expressions plural.
this envelope this man			this report		this baby
this factory this deer			this mouse		this city
this hotel this game			this child		this leaf
this rule this volcano			this bus		this candle
this club this tooth			this lady		this hobby
Exercise 3. Make the following sentences plural.
1. This is a baby.			10. This is a		student.
2. This is a port.			11. This is a		disco.
3. This is a pilot.			12. That is a		roof.
4. This is a factory.			13. This is an apple.
5. This is a camera.			14. This is a		wolf.
6. This is a car.			15. This is an ox.
7. This is a sandwich.			16. This is a woman.
8. This is a piano.			17. This is an orange.
9. This is a half.			18. That is a		patch.
Exercise 4. Make the following expressions plural.
this capital	this party	this comedy		this cafeteria
this college	this disco	this radio		this nurse
this diary	this half	this year		this family
this purse	this country	this week		this uncle
this horse	this railway	this wife		this street
Exercise 5. Make the following sentences plural.
1. This	is a child.	9. Is that a teacher? teacher?
2. This	isn't a baby.	10. That isn’t a lamb. 't a lamb.
3. This	is a sheep.	11. This isn’t a boy. і fish.
4. That	isn't a path.	12. That isn’t bread. 't an atlas.
5. This is a tomato. is a stranger.		13. That isn’t a leaf. і leaf.
6. This is an arm. isn't a mouse.		14. This isn’t a camera. 't a camera.
7. Is this a man?		15. This is a half.
8. That is a doctor. is a doctor.		16. This is a baby.

Exercise 6. Make the following sentences plural.

1. This boy has a ball. 2. This animal is wild. 3. Does this girl study well? 4. My brother has a map. 5. This map is on the wall. 6. That goose is fat. 7. Does your friend work at school? 8. There is a chair in my room. 9. Is this village very large? 10. His boot is large. 11. This pencil is in the box. 12. This woman is this man's wife. 13. Is this a good disco? 14. That lady is our teacher. 15. This boy isn't my son. 16. This factory is very big. 17. There is a desk in this classroom. 18. She has a beautiful dress. 19. Does this lady speak English? 20. That gentleman knows my brother. 21.This girl isn't my niece.

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into English, using the Possessive Case.

1. Він поклав гроші в руку офіціанта. 2. Ми можемо взяти машину мого батька. 3. Хтось взяв гаманець у Ніка. 4. Я збираюсь написати батькам цих дітей. 5. Чия це відеокамера? 6. Я відкрив двері автомобіля. 7. Ключі в кишені його піджака. 8. Мері та Майк зупинились в будинку своїх друзів. 9. Джейн працює в офісі мого дядька. 10. Лікар порадив мені взяти відпустку на тиждень. 11. Дитина розбила вазу моєї бабусі. 12. Мати Пітера лікар. 13. Моя дочка зачинила двері кухні. 14. Сукня цієї дівчини дуже дорога. 15. Чия це сумка? — Це сумка тих хлопців. 16. Дружина цього добродія працює в нашому офісі. 17. Ви коли-небудь гуляли вулицями Лондона? 18. Водій автобуса зачинив двері. 19. Лідер цієї партії зробив цікаву доповідь. 20. Фасад мого будинку пофарбовано в жовтий колір.

Exercise 8. Make the following sentences plural.

1. Is this an ox? — No, it isn't. 2. There is a new school in our town. 3. The woman is sitting in the room. 4. That boy is a good pupil. 5. Is that an Englishman? — No, he isn't. 6. Is there a flower in the vase? 7. This hobby is not bad. 8. Is this a mouse? — No, it is a rat. 9. Is that man a doctor? — No, he isn't. He is a teacher! 10. Put that cup on this table. 11. Is there a dictionary on the table? — Yes, there is. 12. The boy was writing the rule. 13. Is this a good tooth? 14. That child has an interesting hobby.

Exercise 9. Make the following sentences plural.

1.This is my foot. 2. That lady doesn't play the piano. 3. This child is watching the leaf falling on the grass. 4. Is this mountain high? — Yes, it is. 5. There is a knife on the kitchen-table. 6. This bird is in that tree. 7. That wolf has eaten a sheep. 8. There was a desert here. 9. Is there a calendar in this room? 10. That sandwich is not on that plate. 11. Where is a child? — The child is in the yard. 12. Is this goose big or small? — It is big. 13. Was there a leaf on the ground? 14. That boy was playing football. 15. Where is the book? — The book is on the shelf.

Exercise 10. Paraphrase the sentences, using the Possessive Case.

The flat of my sister

The son of her mother

The name of this man

The mark of our student

The sister of my friend

The parents of that boy

The work of those men

The room of these people

The food of those dogs

The hobby of these gentlemen

The voice of this singer

The ball of my child

The friend of Susan

The foot of the animal

Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. She (to live) in this house. 2. Nina (to do) her lessons every day. 3. We (to visit) our grandparents very often. 4 His parents (to get up) very early. 5. After supper my sister (to go) for a walk. 6. She (to learn) English. 7. I (to like) music. 8. My brother (to be) a schoolboy. He (to go) to school. 9. The girl (to sing) very well. 10. My father (to work) at school. 11. Usually I (to have) dinner at 3 o'clock. 12. He (to want) to become a doctor. 13. Our mother (to come) home very late. 14. His brother (to go) in for sports. 15. She (to like) reading very much. 16. They often (to take) a bus.

Exercise 12. Put the following sentences in the negative and interrogative form.

1. He goes to school every day. 2. My sister works here. 3. They eat a lot. 4. We work every day. 5. I come from Ukraine. 6. He comes from Germany. 7. They live in the USA. 8. He plays football every day. 9. I visit my parents very often. 10. His father works at an office. 11. She gets up at seven o'clock. 12. They play tennis very often. 13. We go to the cinema on Saturdays. 14. He wants to become a pilot. 15. My brother watches television every night. 16. I read newspaper every day. 17. Her father finishes his work at six o'clock. 18. Nick goes to bed at nine. 19. He goes to school by bus. 20. We skate once a week in winter.

Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Indefinite Tense.

1.I (not to walk) to work every morning. 2. She (to wash) her car once a week. 3. We (to spend) our holidays in the country. 4. He (not to hope) to go there. 5. She (to go) to the theatre twice a month. 6. Mary (not to live) near the station. 7. You (to take) your dog for a walk. 8. She always (to invite) her friends to her birthday party. 9. He (to drink) coffee every morning. 10. Her brother (to study) in London? 11. I (to go shopping ) every day. 12. He (to speak) Spanish? 13. I (to visit) my friend every week. 14. Helen (not to read) a lot. 15. He (to sleep) till nine o’clock.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. My father and I (to leave) home at eight o'clock. He (to take) a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o'clock. In the evening we (to gather) in the living room. We (to watch) TV and (to talk).

2. My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock. 3. She (to be) a schoolgirl. She (to go) to school in the af­ternoon. 4. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 5. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 6. After breakfast she (to go) to school. 7. It (to take) him two hours to do his homework. 8. She (to speak) French well.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Indefinite Tense.

1 Andrea Schatzmann, an exchange student from Switzerland, (to live) with the Connor family in San Francisco. She (to get) up at 7 am and (to take) a shower. She normally (not to have) break­fast. At half past seven she (to catch) the bus. Her first class (to start) at a quarter past eight. She al­ways (to have) lunch at 12 o'clock in the cafeteria. The cafeteria food (to be) OK and it (to be) cheap too. Her afternoon classes (to be) from 1.15 till 3.00 pm, so she (to be) at school all day. She usually (to have) dinner with the Connors at about 8.00. On Saturdays she (to have) lunch at the restaurant. Once a week, usually on Sunday mornings, she (to go) swimming. A few friends usually (to go) along, too. One of her friends has got a car, so he (to pick) them up and then he (to drive) them home. After swimming they often (to go) out for a pizza. On Saturday evenings she sometimes (to go) out with friends to u party or maybe to a concert. Sometimes she (to in­vite) friends to her house and they (to listen) to mu­sic and (to talk). Mr. and Mrs. Connor often (to take) them for a camping weekend to the seaside or to the mountains. From time to time she (to call) her family in Switzerland. They never (to talk) for very long because it (to be) expensive. She usually (to call) on Sundays because it (to be) cheaper then.

2. What time Andrea usually (to get) up? 3. When she (to catch) the bus? 4. She (to take) a shower in the morning? 5. She (to go) home for lunch? 6 When she (to go) swimming? 7. How she (to get) to the pool? 8. What she (to do) on Saturday evenings?

Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into English using the verbs in the Present Indefinite Tense.

(ЗВИЧАЙНО) 1. Я працюю. 2. Ми працюємо. 3. Вони не працюють. 4. Ви працюєте? — Так. 5. Він працює? - Ні. Він вчиться. 6. Мій брат не вчить­ся. Він працює. 7. Ти носиш окуляри? 8. Ви допома­гаєте людям? 9. Він любить читати казки? 10. Вона любить грати на скрипці? 11. Моя сестра не читає книжок. 12. Наша бабуся любить спати на дивані. 13. Ви любите відпочивати в кріслі? 14. Ми їмо і п'ємо на кухні. 15. Мій брат не любить читати га­зети. 16. Ми спимо у спальні. 17. Мій брат спить на дивані у вітальні. 18. Моя сестра вдягається перед дзеркалом. 19. Мій дядько пише книги. 20. Ми пишемо вправи у школі. 21. Я витрачаю свої ки­шенькові гроші на морозиво. 22. Він читає увесь час і не любить дивитися телевізор.

Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English using the verbs in the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. Де ти живеш? — Я живу в Москві. 2. Коли в тебе канікули? — У січні. 3. Що тобі найбільше по­добається в школі? 4. Мій брат працює в лікарні. Він лікар. Він встає в двадцять хвилин на восьму. Він працює вранці і вдень. Увечері він не працює. Уве­чері він відпочиває. 5. Твоя сестра говорить фран­цузькою мовою? — Ні. Вона говорить німецькою мовою, а її чоловік говорить англійською мовою. 6. Коли ви встаєте? — Я встаю за чверть сьома. 7. Коли встає твій брат? — Він встає за двадцять восьма. — А твоя сестра також встає за двадцять восьма? — Ні. 8. Мій брат ходить у школу, а моя се­стра не ходить у школу. Вона ще не учениця. Вона встає о дев'ятій годині. 9. Він не миє руки перед їдою. 10. Цей хлопчик свистить у класі. 11. Він не грає ні на якому музичному інструменті. 12. Але хлопчик грає у футбол і любить дивитися мульти­плікаційні фільми. 13. Він любить шкільні кані­кули, особливо літні канікули. 14. День народжен­ня у хлопчика 31-го грудня. Тому він одержує багато подарунків.

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences into English using the verbs in the Present Indefinite Tense.

Мій дядько — інженер. Він дуже зайнятий. Його робочий день починається рано вранці. Він встає о сьомій годині. Він умивається, вдягається і снідає. Після сніданку він іде на роботу. Він пра­цює в інституті. Він любить свою роботу. Він од­ружений. Його дружина — лікар. Вона працює в лікарні. Увечері вона вивчає французьку мову. Вона відвідує курси французької мови. Мій дядь­ко не говорить французькою мовою. Він говорить російською мовою і німецькою. Він вивчає англій­ську мову. Увечері він відвідує курси англійської мови. Син мого дядька — учень. Він ходить у шко­лу. У школі він вивчає англійську мову.

Exercise 19. Use these sentences to make questions. Begin your question with the word(s) in brackets.

Examples: Tom plays tennis. (How often?) .....How often does Tom play tennis? I get up in the morning. (What time/usually?) What time do you usually get up?

1. Ann watches television. (How often?) 2. I write to my parents. (How often?) 3. I have dinner in the evening? (What time /usually?) 4. Tom works. (Where?) 5. I go to the cinema. (How often?) 6. People do stupid things. (Why?) 7. The car breaks down. (How often?)

Exercise 20. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Continuous Tense.

(NOW) 1. Timothy (to feed) his dog. 2. Mr. Jones (to clean) his yard. 3. Nancy (to paint) her kitchen. 4. Our neighbours (to wash) their car. 5. I (to wash) my hair. 6. Who (to fix) your sink? 7. What she (to do) now? — She (to dance). 8. The children (to brush) their teeth. 9. What he (do) at the moment? — (to fix) his bicycle. 10. They (to have) a big dinner together. 11. The boys (to run) about in the garden. 12. І (to do) my homework. 13. John and his friends (to go) to the library. 14. Ann (to sit) at her desk. She (to study) geography. 15. A young man (to stand) at the window. He (to smoke) a cigarette. 16. The old man (to walk) about the room. 17. The dog (to lie) on the floor. 18. You (to have) a break? 19. What language you (to study)? 20. Who (to lie) cm the sofa? 21. What they (to talk) about? 22. It still (to rain). 23. I (to open) an umbrella. 24. John (to play) computer games.

Exercise 21. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Continuous Tense.

It (not to rain) any more, it (to clear) up and the sun (to shine). The jazz band (to play) in the park. A lot of people (to listen) to the music and they really (to have) a good time. But they (not to dance) yet. There is a coffee shop there. Only seven people (to sit) there, and only five people (to wait) in the queue. Some people (to have) sandwiches and (to drink) coffee, tea or fruit juices. Boys and girls over there (to laugh) and (to make) a lot of noise. They (to play) games and Tom (to take) pictures. So what (to go) on?

Exercise 22. Open the brackets using either the Present Continuous Tense.

1.Bill (to do) his homework now. 2. My parents (to watch) a TV show at the moment. 3. Kate (to lose) wallets constantly. 4. I (to leave) tomorrow for two weeks. 5. My teacher (to think) that I’m a smart student. 6. My friend always (to make) stupid mistakes in her letters! 7. My mother (not to possess) a bungalow at present. 8. This boy (to think) about sweets at the moment. 9. My grandpa (not to believe) in publicity now. 10. Ann still (to water) the flowers.

Exercise 23. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Continuous Tense.

1. Please be quiet. I (try) to concentrate. 2. Look! It … (snow). 3. Why …you/look) at me like that? Have I said something wrong? 4. You …(make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter? 5. Excuse me, I (look) for a phone box. Is there one near here? 6. (in the cinema) It's a good film, isn't it? (you/enjoy) it. 7. Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They … (shout) at each other again. 8. Why …(you/wear) your coat today? It's very warm. 9. I (not/work) this week. I'm on holiday.10. 10. I want to lose weight. I (not/eat) anything today.

Exercise 24. Translate the sentences into English using the verbs in the Present Continuous Tense.

(NOW) 1. Я читаю. 2. Він не пише. 3. Ми не працюємо. 4. Ви читаєте? 5. Він спить? 6. Мико­ла і Михайло грають у футбол. 7. Катя грає на роялі. 8. Вона не співає. 9. Моя сестра спить. 10. Тато п'є чай? 11. Твої батьки п'ють чай? 12. Я не сплю. 13. Вона сидить за столом. 14. Ми робимо вправу. 15. Ми не купаємося. 16. Вони граються у дворі? 17. Ніна й Ганна миють підлогу. 18. Ми­кола допомагає мамі. 19. Ти допомагаєш татові? 20. Моя сестра читає цікаву книжку. 21. Вони йдуть до школи. 22. Ви йдете до школи? 23. Він працює? 24. Твоя бабуся йде в магазин? 25. Він купує цукерки. 26. Що робить твоя сестра? 27. Де граються діти? 28. Чому ти смієшся? 29. Куди вони йдуть? ЗО. Що несуть ці хлопчики? 31. Я сиджу в парку на лаві і годую птахів. 32. Мама сидить на дивані у вітальні і дивиться телевізор. 33. Це фотографія моїх друзів. Том грає на гіта­рі, а Джейн співає. 34. А тут вони танцюють на моєму дні народження.

Exercise 25. Open the brackets using either the Present Continuous Tense or the Present indefinite Tense.

1. My elder sister (to have) a music lesson. She always (to have) a music lesson on Friday. 2. Who (to sing) in the next room? 3. Father (to read) a newspaper. He usually (to read) something before going to bed. 4. Mother (to cook) breakfast in the kitchen. She always (to cook) in the morning. 5. Who you (to wait) for? – I (to wait) for Ann, we must leave in ten minutes. 6. It often (to rain) in autumn. 7. (not to go out), it (to rain) cats and dogs. 8. You (to understand) the use of Present Indefinite quite well? 9. What you (to write)? You (to make) notes about the book? 10. Why you (to smile) Kitty? 11. I often (to meet) you at the corner of this street. You (to wait) anybody? 12. You usually (to go through) the park? – Not usually. It’s only today that I (to go) here. 13. You (to hear) anything? – Yes, somebody (to knock) at the door. 14. They still (to discuss) where to go now.

Exercise 26. Open the brackets using the verbs either in the Present Continuous or in the Present Indefinite tense. Mind the word order in questions.

1. Не (to work) in the centre of Chicago. 2. He (to work) in the centre of Chicago? 3. He (not to work) in the centre of Chicago. 4. They (to read) many books. 5. They (to read) many books? 6. They (not to read) many books. 7. The children (to eat) soup now. 8. The children (to eat) soup now? 9. The children (not to eat) soup now. 10. You (to play) volleyball well? 11. When you (to play) volleyball? 12. What Nick (to do) in the evening? 13. He (to go) to the cinema in the evening? 14. We (not to dance) every day. 15. Look! Kate (to dance). 16. Kate (to sing) well? 17. Where he (to go) in the morning? 18. He (not to sleep) after dinner. 19. My granny (to sleep) after dinner. 20. When you (to sleep)? 21. Nina (not to sleep) now. 22. Where John (to live)? — He (to live) in England. 23. My friends from Switzerland (to speak) four languages. 24. Elvira (to speak) English, German and French? — Yes, she .... 25. She only (not to, speak) Italian.

Exercise 27. Open the brackets using the verbs either in the Present Continuous or in the Present Indefinite tense. Mind the word order in questions.

1. Tom (to play) football on Saturday. 2. He (not to play) football every day. 3. I (to wear) a suit now. 4. I (not to wear) jeans now. 5. My friend (not to like) to play football. 6. I (not to read) now. 7. He (to sleep) now? 8. We (not to go) to the country in win­ter. 9. My sister (to eat) sweets every day. 10. She (not to eat) sweets now. 11. They (to do) their home­work in the afternoon. 12. They (not to go) for a walk in the evening. 13. My father (not to work) on Sunday. 14. He (to work) every day. 15. I (to read) books in the evening. 16. I (not to read) books in the morning. 17. I (to write) an exercise now. 18. I (not to write) a letter now. 19. They (to play) in the yard now. 20. They (not to play) in the street now. 21. They (to play) in the room now? 22. He (to help) his mother every day. 23. He (to help) his mother every day? 24. He (not to help) his mother every day. 25. You (to go) to school on Sunday? 26. She (to work) in a shop now? 27. He (to deliver) letters now? 28. You (to go) to the opera with your friends?

Exercise 28. Open the brackets using the verbs either in the Present Continuous or in the Present Indefinite tense. Mind the word order in questions.

1. His father (not to watch) TV at the moment. He (to sleep) because he (to be) tired. 2. Pat (not to cook) dinner at the moment. She (to talk) on the phone. She (to cook) dinner every Monday. 3. I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an English exer­cise. 4. I (not to drink) coffee in the evening. I (to drink) coffee in the morning. 5. Your friend (to do) his homework now? 6. Your friend (to go) to school in the morning? 7. Look! The baby (to sleep). 8. The baby always (to sleep) after dinner. 9. My grand­mother (not to work). She is on pension. 10. My father (not to sleep) now. He (to work) in the garden. 11. I usually (to get) up at seven o'clock in the morning. 12. What your sister (to do) now? — She (to wash) her face and hands. 13. When you usu­ally (to come) home from school? — I (to come) at three o'clock. 14. Where your cousin (to work)? — He (to work) at a hospital. 15. Your sister (to study) at college? — No, she (to go) to school. 16. My cousin (to go) to school every day. 17. My mother (not to play) the piano now. She (to play) the piano in the morning. 18. When you (to listen) to the news on the radio? 19. Who (to make) breakfast for you now? 20. You (to read) a magazine and (to think) about your holiday at the moment? 21. They (to be) good dancers but they (not to go) to discos very of­ten. 22. What she (to talk) about right now?

Exercise 29. Open the brackets using the verbs either in the Present Continuous or in the Present Indefinite tense. Mind the word order in questions.

1. І (to sit) in the waiting room at the doctor's now. 2. I (not to work) in my office now. 3. Eric (to talk) about his holiday plans, but Kenny (not to lis­ten) to him. He (to think) about his new car at the moment. 4. My friend (to live) in St. Petersburg. 5. My cousin (not to live) in Moscow. 6. The chil­dren (not to sleep) now. 7. The children (to play) in the yard every day. 8. They (not to go) to the sta­dium on Monday. 9. She (to read) in the evening. 10. She (not to read) in the morning. 11. She (not to read) now. 12. I (to write) a composition now. 13. I (not to drink) milk now. 14. I (to go) for a walk after dinner. 15. I (not to go) to the theatre every Sunday. 16. He (not to read) now. 17. He (to play) now. 18. He (to play) now? 19. My mother (to work) at a factory. 20. My aunt (not to work) at a shop. 21. You (to work) at an office? 22. Your fa­ther (to work) at this factory? 23. You (to play) chess now? 24. Look at the sky: the clouds (to move) slowly, the sun (to appear) from behind the clouds, it (to get) warmer. 25. How is your brother? — He is not well yet, but his health (to improve) day after day. 26. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room? 27. Henry usually (to wear) glasses and now he (to wear) sunglasses. 28. Who (to listen) to mu­sic on his personal stereo over there right now?

Exercise 30. Open the brackets using the verbs either in the Present Continuous or in the Present Indefinite tense. Mind the word order in questions. Mind the verbs which can not be used in Progressive tenses.

1. І (not to know) what to give my brother for his birthday. 2. They (to want) to publish this book in July? 3. She (to think) he (to drive) dangerously. 4. He (to understand) that he (to eat) noisily, but he always (to forget) about it. 5. Who that man (to be) who (to stand) in the doorway? — You (not to rec­ognize) him? It (to be) John, my cousin. 6. I (to have) no time now, I (to have) dinner. 7. Your fam­ily (to leave) St. Petersburg in summer? — Yes, we always (to go) to the seaside. We all (to like) the sea. Mother (to stay) with us to the end of August, but father (to return) much earlier. 8. Where Tom and Nick (to be) now? — They (to have) a smoke in the garden. 9. What you (to do) here now? — We (to listen) to tape recordings. 10. You (to want) to see my father? — Yes, I ... . 11. Michael (to know) German rather well. He (to want) to know English, too, but he (to have) little time for it now. 12. What magazine you (to read)? — It (to be) a French magazin e. There (to be) good articles on sports here. You (to be) interested in sports? — Yes, I ... . But I (not to know) French. 13. We (to have) an English lesson now. 14. He (to feel) in a position to lend her money. 15. I (to think) she (not to feel) safe there, 16. You (to see) what I (to mean)? 17. You (to hear) what she (to say)? 18. He (not to feel) at liberty to tell you the truth. 19. Ron has got a new job. He (to earn) a fortune as a managing director. They (to think) he (to be) a bag of money.

Exercise 31. Decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or wrong. Correct those which are wrong. The verb is underlined.

Examples: I don't know your telephone number. RIGHT.

Please don't make so much noise. I study. WRONG..- am studying.

1. Look! Somebody is climbing up that tree over there.

2. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?

3. Are you believing in God?

4. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.

5. The moon goes round the earth.

6. I'm thinking it would be a good idea to leave early.

7. The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing.

8. I'm usually going to work by car.

Exercise 32. If the sentence is correct, put a “+”, if it is incorrect, rewrite it.

1. ___ My granny have many domestic animals at her household.

2. ___ The weather is fine today, is it?

3. ___ This village is very large.

4. ___ My brother doesn’t has a map.

5. ___ She has a beautiful dress.

6. ___ This girl isn’t my niece, is she?

7. ___ Does this lady plays the piano?

8. ___ These boy is rather intelligent.

9. ___ Your story is interesting but my is better.

10. ___ Give me your pen, I’ve lost mine.

11. ___ We hasn’t any books here.

12. ___ Are they at school?

13. ___ This men are drivers.

14. ___ My friend will to be an engineer, he won’t be a doctor.

15. ___ Michael has a brother. His brother is a student..

16. ___ I’m thinking that we must do all the homework for tomorrow.

17. ___ Look out! The dog bites you!

18. ___ I still read this book. I ‘m wanting to go to bed already.

19. ___ Jane never draws on the wallpaper, does she?

20. ___ He is thinking about today’s football match at the moment.

Exercise 33. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Мій батько зараз читає газету. А що ти робиш? 2. Коли ти зазвичай обідаєш? 3. Дивись! Ця пательня зараз впаде! 4. Я ніколи не кладу до шафи брудну постільну білизну. 5. Енн завжди десь губить мої олівці. 6. Зазвичай я спочатку снідаю, а потім йду на прогулянку зі своєю собакою. 7. Наразі мені дуже подобаються усі сучасні зручності, котрі я Маю в своїй квартирі. 8. У цей момент мій друг не дивиться телевізор, він спить. 9. Він не володіє маєтком в Італії і хмарочосом у Нью-Йорку. 9. Олена не носить окулярів, а ти завжди брешеш про неї. 10. Мій брат не ходить до школи, він вже студент. 11. Зараз моя пральна машина не працює. Чоловік в цей момент лагодить її в гаражі. 12. Що ти робиш сьогодні увечорі? 13. Я думаю, що ти хороша людина, чи не так? 14. Чому ти не робиш домашнє завдання зараз? 15. Концерт починається о 4 чи 7 годині? 16. Хто дивиться новини в цей момент? 17. Хтось ходить на горищі, чи не так? 18. Зараз я думаю про свою зарплатню. 19. Енн ніколи не прасує рушники, чи не так? 20. Саме в цей момент я вірю в твої знання!

Exercise 34. Translate the sentences using the Present Indefinite.

1) Що ви робите зазвичай вранці? 2) Де живе ваш брат? – Він живе в Києві. 3) Твій брат ходить до школи? – Так, він школяр. 4) Вона любить грати в шахи? – Ні, не любить. 5) Його друг ходить в театр? – Так, він дуже часто ходить в театр. 6) Її чоловік розмовляє англійською мовою? – Ні, не розмовляє. 7) У мене вдома немає дорогих картин. 8) хто живе в цьому будинку? – Ми не знаємо. 8) Я дуже люблю розповідати цікаві історії. 9) Мій улюблений предмет – англійська. 9) Ці студенти іноді не ходять на заняття. 10) Вона кожного дня ходить на роботу. 11) Моя сестра хоче стати вчителем, а я лікарем. 12) Кожного ранку Білл пише бабусі листа. 13) Восени майже щодня іде дощ. 14) Я ніколи не роблю домашнє завдання з математики, чи не так?

Exercise 35. Unscramble the sentences.

1. house/ has/ coast/ on/ the/ he/ beach/ a|.

2. very/ this/ a/ powerful/ has/ car/ engine|.

3. chin/you/a/got/on/have/your/cut.

4. not/ central/ our/ does/ house/ heating/ have/.

5. afraid/ 1/ we/ no/ matter/ the/ in/ am/ choice/ have|.

7. and/ phone/ letters/1/ type/ answer/ have to/ the.

8. behaviour/ there/ reason/ a/ strange/ has to/ his/ for/ be|.

9. have/ lunch/I/ for/ a/ usually/ sandwich

Unit 3

MEALS

LET’S START, GUYS!

Vocabulary: words naming various kinds of food dealing with bakery, dairy, butchery, grocery, greengrocery, fishmongery, etc. products, hard and soft drinks, idioms and sat-expressions of the topic under consideration.

Grammar: the Article, the Past Indefinite Tense, the Past Continuous tense.

Language practice: developing communicative skills in the use of a new vocabulary, topic presentations.

Exercise 1. Read the dialogue and translate it into Ukrainian. Then dramatize it in parts.

AT THE RESTAURANT

Waiter: Good evening. Two for dinner?

Boris: Yes, that's right.

W: You can leave your coats here. Were would you like to sit? Would you like this table by the window?

B: Yes, that's nice. Could we see the menu?

W: Certainly. Here it is. Shall I give you a few minutes to look at it?

B: Yes. We'll order in a few minutes.

B: Do you want an appetizer?

N: Hm. I think I'll have a shrimp cocktail. I'm crazy about shrimps. What about you?

B: I'm not sure. I can't decide.

N: Oh, if I were you, I'd have the smoked salmon. You al­ways say you like smoked salmon, and you haven't had any for a long time.

W: Are you ready to order now?

B: Yes, one shrimp cocktail and one smoked salmon, please.

W: Fine. And the entree?

B: Well, we can't decide between the veal and the chicken. What do you recommend?

W: Both are good, but if I were you I'd have the veal. It's the speciality of the house.

W: What would you like with the veal? Maybe some vegeta­bles?

N: Yes. Some zucchini, some carrots, and some boiled pota­toes.

W: And a salad?

N: Bring me a mixed salad with the entree, please.

W: All right. Will you want a dessert?

N: Can we order that later?

W: Of course.

W: Would you like a bottle of red wine? May I suggest some­thing?

B: Sure.

W: Why don't you have a carafe of our house wine. It's Chil­ean. You'll like it.

B: That sounds fine. Let's try it.

Exercise 2. Dramatize the dialogue in different moods. As if you were:

• a strict nurse and a soldier;

• an agronomist and a cook;

• a surgeon and an old professor.

Exercise 3. Now compose a similar dialogue and act it in pairs.

Now read and translate the text.☺Pay attention to the new vocabulary below.

BRITISH MEALS

The usual meals are breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner and supper. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than you have on the Continent, though some English people like a "conti­nental" breakfast of rolls and butter and coffee. But the usual English breakfast is por­ridge or "Corn Flakes" with milk or cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, marmalade (made from oranges) with buttered toast, and tea or coffee. For a change you can have a boiled egg, cold ham, or perhaps fish.

We generally have lunch at about one o'clock. A businessman in London usually finds it impossible to come home for lunch, and so he goes to a cafe or restaurant; but if I am making lunch at home I have cold meat (left over probably from yesterday's din­ner), potatoes, salad and pickles, with a pudding or fruit to follow. Sometimes, we have a mutton chop, or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and cheese, and some people like a glass of light beer with lunch.

Afternoon tea you can hardly call a meal, but it is a sociable sort of thing, as friends often come in then for a chat while they have their cup of tea, cake or biscuit.

In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day. We had rather a special one last night, as we had an important visitor from South America to see Mr. Priestley.

We began with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, sweet, fruit and nuts. Then we went into the sitting room for coffee and cigarettes.

But in my house, as in a great many English homes, we make the midday meal the chief one of the day, and in the evening we have the much simpler supper — an omelette, or sausages, sometimes bacon and eggs and sometimes just bread and cheese, a cup of coffee or cocoa and fruit.

But uncle Albert always has "high tea". He says he has no use for these "afternoon teas" where you try to hold a cup of tea in one hand and a piece of bread and butter about as thin as a sheet of paper in the other. He's a Lancashire man, and nearly everyone in Lancashire likes high tea. They have it between five and six o'clock, and they have ham or tongue and tomatoes and salad, or sausages, with good strong tea, plenty of bread and butter, then stewed fruit, or a tin of pears, apricots or pineapple with cream or custard and pastries or a good cake. And that’s what they call a good tea.

(from C.E. Eckersley)

Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What does English breakfast usually consist of?

2. What can you say about English lunch?

3. What is the difference between “afternoon tea” and “high tea”?

4. What do you know about dinner in Britain?

5. What do they call a good tea in Britain?

Learn the following words by heart. ☺

Baking Bread (white, brown, rye) Loaf of bread Fresh bread Stale bread Roll Bun Rusk Pie Croissant Pudding Biscuits / cookies Sponge cake Cake Plumcake Pastry Meat Ham Pork Beef Veal Mutton Beefsteak Mince Sausage Fat Frankfurter / frank Hot dog Chop Cutlet Doughnut Liver Heart Tongue Tender meat Tough meat Fat meat Lean meat Hamburger Poultry Turkey Chicken Goose Duck Dairy products Milk Cream Sour cream Cottage cheese Cheese Boiled egg Fried eggs Omelette Youghurt Butter Margarine Mayonnaise Grocery Cereal Sugar Salt Pepper Mustard Vinegar Oil (sunflower, olive) Celery Pumpkin Nuts Almond Cashew nut Nutmeg Berries Strawberry Raspberry Gooseberry Cranberry Blackberry Hard drinks White wine Sparkling wine Red wine Whisky

Випічка Хліб (білий, чорний, житній) Буханець хліба Свіжий хліб Черствий хліб Булочка, сайка Здобна булочка Сухар Пиріг Круасан Пудинг Печиво Бісквітний пиріг Торт, тістечко Кекс Кондитерські вироби М'ясо Шинка Свинина Яловичина Телятина Баранина Біфштекс М’ясний фарш Ковбаса Жир Сосиска Хот-дог Відбивна Котлета Смажений пончик Печінка Серце Язик Ніжне м'ясо Жорстке м'ясо Жирне м'ясо Пісне м'ясо Гамбургер Птиця Індичка Курятина, курча Гусак Качка Молочні продукти Молоко Вершки Сметана Плавлений сир Твердий сир Варене яйце Яєчня Омлет Йогурт Масло Маргарин Майонез Гастрономія Крупа Цукор Сіль Перець Гірчиця Оцет Олія (соняшникова, оливкова) Селера Гарбуз Горіхи Мигдаль Лісовий горіх Мускатний горіх Ягоди Полуниця Малина Аґрус Журавлина Чорниця Алкогольні напої Біле вино Ігристе вино Червоне вино Віскі

Spice Coffee Black coffee White coffee Ground coffee Instant coffee Cocoa Tea Porridge Oats Flour Rice Buckwheat Macaroni Noodles Spaghetti Fish Herring Shrimps Lobster Trout Salmon Sprats Caviar Eel Fried fish Smoked fish Stuffed fish Fruits Apple Apricot Pear Plum Peach Cherry Sweet cherry Grapes Banana Orange Pineapple Tangerine Lemon Pomegranate Kiwi fruit Watermelon Melon Grapefruit Vegetables Tomatoes Cucumbers Carrots Potatoes Peas Radish Aubergine Turnip Beans Lettuce Asparagus Cabbage Fennel Parsley Garlic Onion Cauliflower Marrow Vodka Brandy Champagne Rum Beer Gin and tonic Sherry Sweet wine Fortified wine Dry wine Soft drinks Lemonade Juice Stewed fruit Jelly Cocktail Mineral water On the rocks

Спеції Кава Чорна кава Кава з молоком Молота кава Розчинна кава Какао Чай Вівсяна каша Овес Мука Рис Гречка Макарони Локшина Спагеті Риба Оселедець Креветки Омар Форель Лосось Шпроти Ікра Вугор Смажена риба Копчена риба Фарширована риба Фрукти Яблуко Абрикос Груша Слива Персик Вишня Черешня Виноград Банан Апельсин Ананас Мандарин Лимон Гранат Ківі Кавун Диня Грейпфрут Овочі Помідори Огірки Морква Картопля Горох Редиска Баклажан Ріпа Квасоля Салат Спаржа Капуста Кріп Петрушка Часник Цибуля Цвітна капуста Кабачок Горілка Коньяк Шампанське Ром Пиво Джинтонік Херес Десертне вино Кріплене вино Сухе вино Безалкогольні напої Лимонад Сік Компот Кисіль Коктейль Мінеральна вода Із льодом

!!! Study the following expressions of the topic under consideration.

Breakfast may consist of… Menu includes For the first (second) course… For dessert What do you recommend? What’s your favourite dish? Where can we get a quick meal? Can you tell me if there’s a restaurant around here? Is the service at this restaurant good? I am hungry / I am starving. I am thirsty. Menu, please. What’s the house speciality? What shall we start with? Would you like a refill? Won’t you have some more? Help yourself. With pleasure. I prefer wine to sherry. Please, pass me the salt The meal is tasty / delicious. I am satisfied / full May I have the bill? I’ll treat you. It’s on me. Have a pleasant meal! Enjoy! To your health! I am an immense / great eater. I am a small eater. Who’s going to stand treat? I’d like to have a bite. How is it cooked? This meat dish is perfectly cooked. It is underdone (overdone, halfdone). Cake is fatting. I’ll die from overeating. I don’t care for fish (meat) in any shape or form. Appetite comes with eating. To spoil one’s appetite Eat smb. out of house and home The belly has no ears.

Сніданок може складатися з … У меню є … На першу (другу) страву … На десерт Що Ви порадите взяти? Якою є Ваша улюблена страва? Де можна швидко поїсти? Чи не могли б Ви мені сказати, чи є тут ресторан недалеко? Чи у цьому ресторані добре обслуговування? Я зголоднів / помираю з голоду. Я хочу пити. Меню, будь-ласка. Які у Вас фірмові страви? З чого почнемо? Чи налити ще? Чи не хочете ще? Пригощайтеся. Із задоволенням. Я надаю перевагу вину над хересом. Будь-ласка, передайте мені сіль. Страва смачна / дуже смачна. Я ситий. Рахунок, будь-ласка. Я пригощаю. Я сплачую. Смачного! За Ваше здоров’я ! У мене гарний апетит. У мене поганий апетит. Хто пригощає? Я хотів би перекусити. Як це приготовано? Ця м’ясна страва чудово приготована. Вона недосмажена (пересмажена, недоварена). Від торта товстішаєш. Я помру від обжерливості. Я не їм рибу (м'ясо) ні в якому вигляді. Апетит приходить під час їжі. Зіпсувати апетит Проїдати всі харчові запаси Соловейка казками не нагодуєш.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Exercise1. Prove that the proverbs and quotes have sense. Give examples from your own experience.

1. Is it true that cannibals don't eat clowns because they taste funny? (AuthorUnknown)

2. Give a man a fish and he has food for a day; teach him how to fish and you can get rid of him of the entire weekend. (Zenna Schaffer).

3. There is no sincerer love than the love of food. (George Bernard Shaw)

4. Vegetables are a must on a diet.  I suggest carrot cake, zucchini bread, and pumpkin pie. (Jim Davis)

5. High-tech tomatoes.  Mysterious milk.  Supersquash.  Are we supposed to eat this stuff?  Or is it going to eat us? (Annita Manning) No man in the world has more courage than the man who can stop after eating one peanut. (Channing Pollock)

6. Appetite comes with eating.

7. The belly has no ears.

8. Eat, drink and be merry.

Exercise 2. Unscramble the following words.

1. rinetange __________________

2. rryche __________________

3. ppleainpe __________________

4. eesech __________________

5. garsu __________________

6. gareniv __________________

7. rylece __________________

8. lio __________________

9. mondal __________________

10. reeb __________________

11. uijec __________________

12. tailocck __________________

13. rryberanc __________________

14. last __________________

15. geg __________________

16. neiw __________________

17. rrmawo __________________

18. niono __________________

19. berucucm __________________

20. kadov _________________

Exercise 3. Write down at least one vegetable and fruit.

Letter	Vegetable	Fruit
beginning with the letter P beginning with the letter B beginning with the letter M beginning with the letter C beginning with the letter A	Potato, peas …………………………………………… ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. …………………………………………..	……………………………………… …………………………………….. …………………………………….. ……………………………………… ………………………………………

Exercise 4. Which word is the odd one out in each group, and why?

1. Pork, veal, salmon, beef. Salmon is a fish, the others are meat.

2. Lettuce, leek, tomato, cucumber. ……………………………………………

3. Peach, onion, mushroom, apple. ……………………………………………

4. Chicken, lamb, beef, crab. ……………………………………………

5. Grape, cherry, aubergine, melon. ……………………………………………

Exercise 5. Using the vocabulary under consideration, complete the sentences about yourself and your country. If possible, compare your answers with someone else.

1. In my country ………………………..is/are more common than ………………………………….

2. In my country ………………………..is/are more expensive than ………………………………..

3. In my country a mixed salad usually contains ……………………………………………………..

4. In my country we don’t grow …………………………………………………………………………

5. And we don’t often eat ……………………………………………………………………………….

6. Personally, I prefer ……………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 6. Match the following English idioms with their dictionary meanings. Make up sentences with each idiom.

bread and butter fussy eater eat smb. out of house and home eat like a horse eat smb.’s bread square meal wine and dine smb. eat like a bird

eat a lot of someone’s supply of food; eat very little; live on somebody; a good satisfying meal; entertain with a meal and wine; someone who its only particular things; eat large amounts of food; the work that provides one’s main source of income.

Exercise 7. THE FOOD GAME. Hidden in the sentences below are names of food items. You cannot find them by looking at the sentences, for they are not there by spelling; they are there by pronunciation. The food may be within a single word or may go across word boundaries.

Example: He begs to be excused from the rehearsal. (eggs)

1. She had a cough even today.

2. Don't tell me mama laid the table so early.

3. He chased Robert off even after he paid his debt.

4. Happy's room is so messy. I can't find a thing.

5. Keep that old sabre. Eddie will take it to the museum.

6. "Why don't you spy still?" she wanted to know.

7. "Be an angel, leave it finished, with you," he said.

8. "That bangle is of 24 carat gold," he said.

9. "Sue, please go away," he said.

10. "But Ernest is not coming on this trip," she said.

11. Don't bake condensed milk sweets.

12. "Tap Elmo on the shoulder and wake him up," she said.

13. Please meet me tomorrow.

14. Kay came to meet me on Wednesday.

15. The donkey brays inside the shed.

16. He walked on the sand, which was so hot he burned his feet.

17. Richie's so good, he helps me daily.

18. Don't buy that saw. Say Jess will get a new one.

19. He's been staying here for six months now.

20. I hope he'll be true to you.

The keys: coffee, marmalade, toffee, peas, bread, spice, jelly, carrot, soup, butter, bacon, apple, meat, cake, raisin, sandwich, cheese, sausage, beans, beet.

Exercise 8. a) Read and translate the text. Do the tasks below.

EATING OUT IN BRITAIN

The English say that in their country the variety of food from meal to meal is probably greater than anywhere else in the world. They say that you can never confuse a breakfast with a dinner, for example, and that in many other countries you eat exactly the same kind of dishes for breakfast, lunch and dinner. At the same time for the gourmet, "Ukrainian food is of extremely good quality, and it really tastes of something — unlike American food, for instance, which all tastes the same," says an English television's famous cook who has visited this country. He praises the Ukrainian national dishes, for example, ''Ukrainian borshch" with "smetana" looks good and tastes good.

You can have your meals at home, in a restaurant or a cafe', in the canteen of your factory or office. Those who stay at resthomes or sanatoria have meals in the dining hall, which is generally placed in a separate building, usually a cottage with kitchen premis­es. While travelling by train you can have breakfast, lunch or dinner in the dining car as well cooked and served as if you were in a firstclass hotel or at the railway station when you are at the point of fainting from hunger you hurry to the refreshment room before the train starts. If you travel by ship your dinner or supper may be served in the dining sa­loon.

Nowadays many selfservice canteens, restaurants and cafes are being opened through­out the country. When employees or workers have a short break for dinner or lunch they find it impossible to get home for this meal and so they take it in a selfservice cafe or restaurant. There are cafes and restaurants to suit every taste and purse.

In Britain you can find table d'hote and a la carte dinners in every restaurant. Table d'hote dinners are cheaper than a la carte ones. When you dine a la carte you order course by course, as you desire. But a table d'hote dinner consists of several courses, the choice is limited, and it is served in a canteen or a restaurant at a fixed price.

b) Say whether the following statements are true or false. Prove your point of view giving the information from the text.

1. __ Englishmen hate eating Ukrainian national dishes.

2. __ In Britain all food tastes the same.

3. __Those who stay at resthomes or sanatoria have meals in the dining hall.

4. __ Train workers serve high class dishes for passengers.

5. __ If you travel by ship your dinner or supper may be served on the deck.

6. __ British office workers never take their meal in a selfservice cafe or restaurant.

7. __ In Britain you can’t find table d'hote and a la carte dinners in every restaurant.

8. __ Table d'hote dinners are more expensive than a la carte ones.

c) Match the two separate parts to make the original statements from the text.

The English say that in their country the variety of food…………………………………….. In Britain you can find table d'hote and a la………………………………………………….. Nowadays many selfservice canteens, restaurants………………………………………… If you travel by ship your dinner……………. When you dine a la carte you……………….. There are cafes and restaurants……………………………………….. He praises the Ukrainian……………………. They say that you can never…………………

from meal to meal is probably greater than anywhere else. confuse a breakfast with a dinner. carte dinners in every restaurant. national dishes. are being opened through­out the country. to suit every taste and purse. may be served in the dining sa­loon. order course by course, as you desire.

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions.

1. What can you say about Ukrainian hospitality? What are your mealtimes? What order of meals do you fol­low?

2. What is the difference between meals and mealtimes in Eng­land and Ukraine?

3. What is your favourite dish?

4. How would you lay the table for the guests? What about the menu?

5. What do you generally take for the first (second) course?

6. Do national Ukrainian dishes differ from those of English?

7. If we drink a toast to someone's health on a certain occasion, what do we usually say?

8. What is sold at the baker's (grocer's, butcher's, fishmonger's, confectionery)?

9. Are you a great eater?

10. If your hostess asks you whether you would like another cup of tea, what would you reply (a) if you wanted one; (b) if you didn't want one?

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English using the words and expressions of the topic under consideration.

1. Тобі більше подобаються безалкогольні напої чи алкогольні? – Я надаю перевагу безалкогольним напоям, особливо лимонаду із льодом. 2. Де тут можна швидко поїсти? – Там, за рогом, є маленький ресторанчик, де подають дуже смачну смажену рибу та свіжі салати з овочів. 3. Коли я минулого літа був у Німеччині, я постійно їв сосиски й пив пиво. 4. Рік тому я ще дуже любив гамбургери і жирне м'ясо, але зараз я розумію, що від них товстішаєш. 5. Я запитую тебе про вечерю, а ти розповідаєш мені про фільм, який подивилася годину тому. Хіба не знаєш, що соловейка казками не нагодуєш? 6. Вчора, в той час, коли ми обідали, прийшов дідусь і зіпсував нам апетит. 7. Ти замовляєш так багато страв! А хто ж сплачує? – Я пригощаю. 8. Передайте мені сіль, будь-ласка. 9. Страва надзвичайно смачна. Мені дуже подобається індичка, фарширована апельсинами і мигдалем. – Так, це наша фірмова страва. 10. Що є у меню? – У ньому багато страв, але давай замовимо овочевий салат з майонезом, білий хліб, копчену курку, плавлений сир, сосиски з гірчицею та бісквітний пиріг. – Я бачу, що ти зголоднів. – Я непросто зголоднів. Я помираю з голоду. 12. Ну, я вже ситий. Креветки були смачними. Рахунок, будь-ласка. 13. Вчора ти з’їв так багато печива й шоколадних цукерок! Ти ж помреш від обжерливості. 14. Я хотів би перекусити. – Давай замовимо бутерброди з сиром, ковбасою, помідорами та майонезом. 15. У дитинстві мати змушувала мене їсти спаржу, кріп і петрушку. 16. П’ять років тому мій завод почав виробляти шампанське, віскі та ігристе вино. 17. Давай додамо до торта мускатного горіха. – Добре, і не забудь про мигдаль.

Let’s have a look at some English grammar! ☺

THE ARTICLE / АРТИКЛЬ

/ це службова частина мови, яка вживається перед іменником або іменниковим словосполученням і уточнює значення іменника, а також смисл усього речення, але власного окремого значення не має і українською мовою не перекладається./

Визначення артиклів Definition	В англійській мові вживаються неозначений артикль/the indefinite article, який перед словом, що починається із голосної, має форму an , а також означений артикль/the definite article the. Неозначений артикль a/an походить від форми староанглійського числівника one і надає іменнику значення один із багатьох, якийсь, будь-який. Означений артикль the походить від форми вказівного займенника that і надає іменнику значення той, той самий, про який ішла мова. Якщо перед іменником артикль відсутній, умовно вважається, що такий іменник вживається із "нульовим артиклем''/zero article. "Нульовий" артикль також пов'язаний із значенням і смислом усього речення, як означений та неозначений артиклі, тобто відсутність артикля перед іменником також надає йому певного значення.
Основні значення та функції артиклів	Артиклі вживаються для того, щоб показати, що мова йде про об'єкти або предмети, відомі, як мовцю/тому, хто пише, так і слухачу /читачу – означений артикль, або невідомі обом - неозначений артикль. Артиклі також вказують, чи мова йде про предмет узагальнено чи конкретно. Артикль належить до так званих детермінантів (визначників), які включають також присвійні та вказівні займенники. Якщо перед іменником стоїть присвійний або вказівний займенник, артикль перед таким іменником не вживається. the ♦ Означений артикль the (=we know which one/s) вживається як із злічуваними іменниками у однині та множині, так й із незлічуваними іменниками, що позначають предмет/особу, виділених з класу однорідних предметів/осіб. Виділення того чи іншого предмета особи із класу однорідних може відбуватися одним із таких шляхів: а) повторенням, тобто а вживається , коли іменник вперше згадується, і the, коли цей іменник згадується повторно, She's got two children: a boy and a girl. The boy's fourteen and the girl is eight. б) коли предмет/особа є єдиним у своєму роді або конкретизується ситуацією, The sun was shining brightly. The captain gave instructions to the crew. (на кораблі один каштан і певна команда) в) коли предмет/особа конкретизується контекстом, у такому випадку іменник має так зване обмежувальне означення/the limiting attribute, виражене: 1) прикметником у найвищому ступені (an adjective in the superlative degree), e.g. I'm the oldest child in my family, або словами next, first, last, same, e.g. We went to the same school. Can I have the next pancake? This is the last day of vacations. 2) порядковим числівником (an ordinal numeral), e.g. My room is on the second floor. 3) прийменниковою групою (найпоширенішою є група із прийменника of із іменником, що виражає належність= the of-phrase), The walls of the room are light green. 4) дієприкметниковим зворотом або підрядним означальним реченням, The boy running across the street is my brother. The novel I'm reading now is very interesting. Неозначений артикль a/an вживається перед злічуваним іменником у однині з метою класифікації, коли цей іменник позначає професію, національність або вірування, e.g. My son is a police officer. The author of the article is an American. Mr. Lian Donnell is a Catholic. У множині перед подібними іменниками вживається "нульовий" артикль(пропуск артикля), They are X talented scholars. We are X Christians. (X = позначення пропуску будь-якої граматичної форми, тут – артикля) NB! для позначення національності також може вживатися прикметник, перед яким артикль не вживається, The author of the article is an American/American. My grandpa is a Ukrainian/Ukrainian. Неозначений артикль a/an вживається перед злічуваним іменником у однині, коли цей іменник згадується у мовленні вперше, або є одним із йому подібних, Do you want to watch a video? We watched a video about wildlife (один із подібних).
Уживання артиклів із словосполученнями для позначення часу
1. У словосполученнях з Іменниками, що означають пори року, назви місяців, днів тижня у однині артикль не вживається. Артиклі не вживаються особливо, коли мається на увазі місяць, день, пора року "попередній або наступний перед цим". ♦ Якщо перед відповідним іменником у однині стоїть описове означення, перед ним вживається неозначений артикль а: ♦ Якщо після такого іменника вживається підрядне речення, він визначається означеним артиклем the :			in winter, on Monday See you in April/on Thursday Where were you last Sunday? We're leaving next June. a very cold winter, We're having a very wet August. It was the September after we went to the seaside. The spring of 2001 the Monday before the holiday the winter when we had all that snow He worked very hard in the summer that year.
2. Назви вживаються без артикля у загальному значенні, з означеним артиклем, коли мається на увазі певне свято . Уживання неозначеного артикля можливо, якщо мовець має на увазі одне із подібних свят.			I adore Christmas. Americans eat turkey at Thanksgiving. She saw her friend again the Easter after their last meeting. It was an Easter I’ll never forget.
3. 3 іменниками, що позначають такі частини дня, як midday, night, sunset, dawn артикль не вживається. 3 іменниками morning, evening, afternoon, вживається означений артикль the у словосполученнях: Словосполучення "зранку до вечора" вживається без артикля, але у сполученні "з самого ранку до самого вечора" іменники визначаються означеним артиклем.			They reached the camp at sunset. It was very hot at midday. at night, by night/day in/during the night, the day/the morning, the evening, the afternoon from morning till night/evening from the very morning till the very evening
УЖИВАННЯ АРТИКЛІВ З ВЛАСНИМИ НАЗВАМИ
Означений артикль the вживається з наступними групами власних назв:
1. Назвами океанів, морів, річок (names of the oceans, seas, rivers):		The Atlantic ocean, the Pacific ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Thames, the Mississippi
2. Групами островів, гірських масивів, пустель (names of groups of islands, mountain chains, deserts)		the British Isles, the Rocky Mountains, the Сarpathians, the Sahara
3. З більшістю назв музеїв, картинних галерей, кінотеатрів, театрів, готелів (with most names of museums, art galleries, movie-theaters/cinema- houses, theaters, hotels)		the British Museum, the National Picture Gallery, the Odeon, the Playhouse, the Grand Hotel
Артикль не вживається з наступними групами власних назв:
1. Назвами континентів, країн (за деякими виключеннями), штатів, міст, вулиць, площ, озер, окремих гір:		Europe, Asia, Italy, China, California, Chicago, Oxford Street, Willow Road, Lake Michigan, Everest, Kilimanjaro
NB: назви країн, які вміщують загальні іменники union, republic, state, вживаються з означеним артиклем. Деякі окремі назви країн та міст вживаються з означеним артиклем.		the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the People's Republic of China, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Hague
2. Іменами, прізвищами людей. Титул як частина імені вживається без артикля: NB: Перед прізвищем родини вживається означений артикль: У певних випадках перед іменами людей можливо вживання артиклів:		Peter, Mr. Johnson, Peter Johnson, Aunt Margaret, Lady Sylvia the Johnsons, the Smiths There is a Sue who works at our café (= a person called Sue = там Сью, яка працює…) A Mr. White wants to see you (= якийсь пан Уайт) The Margaret I know has a car (= та Маргарет, яку я знаю)

УЖИВАННЯ АРТИКЛІВ ІЗ ПЕВНИМИ ГРУПАМИ ІМЕННИКІВ
1. З імен­никами, що прийоми їжі	1.1.Іменники breakfast, lunch, dinner,supper, як правило, вживаються без артикля: 1.2.Якщо ці іменники вживаються із обмежувальним означенням, вираженим підрядним реченням, перед ними ставиться артикль the: 1.3.Якщо ці іменники мають описове означення, виражене прикметником, перед ними ставиться артикль а : 1.4. Іменник meal вживається з артиклями the або а згідно правил для злічуваних іменників:	Breakfast is at 7:30, so don’t be late. The breakfast we had at the restaurant was delicious. We enjoyed a delicious dinner at the restaurant yesterday. The meal was served at 7:00. It was a delicious meal.
2. З назвами музичних інструментів та назвами видів спорту	2.1.Перед назвами музичних інструментів у однині вживається артикль the, коли мова йде про гру на інструменті або у загальному розумінні. У американському варіанті артикль може опускатись. 2.2.Назви видів спорту є незлічуваними іменниками, тому вони вживаються без артикля:	She can play the piano very well. The violin is really very difficult. She can play piano well. =(AE) to play football/ tennis/ badminton/chess
3. З іменниками Television/radio	3.1 .Перед іменником television у значенні форма розваги /entertainment артикль не вживається: 3.2.Перед іменником television у значенні приймач/а television set вживається артикль the або а як з іншими злічуваними іменниками: 3.3.3 іменником radio звичайно вживається артикль the:	Would you like to watch TV now? What's on TV tonight? NB: watch television Look! The parrot is on the TV! He turned on the television/the radio. There was a television on the shelf. I always listen to the radio while I'm doing my English grammar homework. NB: listen to the radio/hear it on the radio
4. З іменниками-назвами професій і посад	4.1.Перед іменником, що позначає назву професії або посаду, звичайно вживається артикль a/an (особливо, якщо іменник у однині у функції іменної частини складного іменного присудка): 4.2. Іменник, що позначає єдину посаду в певній організації, вживається без артикля:	He's a manager and she's an instructor. She is Head of the Department. He's Dean of this School of Foreign languages
5. З назвами хвороб	5.1. Назви хвороб звичайно позначаються незлічуваними іменниками у британському варіанті англійської мови, навіть хвороби, які закінчуються на -s, і вживаються без артикля; але з деякими поширеними хворобами можливе вживання артикля the: 5.2.Назви незначних розладів здоров'я позначаються злічуваними іменниками, тобто вживаються з артиклем а: Однак іменники зубний біль=toothache, біль у вусі=earache, біль у шлунку = stomachache, біль у спині=backache у британському варіанті англійської мови (BE) частіше вживаються без артикля (тобто як незлічувані іменники), а в американському варіанті (АЕ) з артиклем, коли вони позначають конкретний випадок хвороби:	There's a lot of flu around. If you already had measles, you can get it again. Have you had appendicitis? I think the child has got (the) mumps /(the) flu). нежить=а cold; хворе горло=а sore throat; головний біль= a headache. She's getting toothache (BE)/a toothache (AE)
6. З іменниками, що позначають частини тіла	6.1 Перед іменниками-частинами тіла, як правило, вживається відповідний присвійний займенник, а не артикль the. Коли такий іменник входить до складу словосполучення з прийменником, яке відноситься до додатка, перед ним вживається артикль the:	The little boy broke his arm while running. He put his hands in his pockets. The animal landed on his legs. Can you look me in the eye? She hit him in the stomach. Compare: He felt pain in his stomach.
7. З іменниками-назвами газет і журналів	Назви газет, як правило вживаються з артиклем the: Назви журналів можуть вживатися як з артиклем, так і без нього:	The USA Today, The Times, The Guardian, The Observer Times (an American magazine), New Scientist
8. З іменниками, що позначають види транспорту	У сталих словосполученнях by car/bus/boat/bycicle/plane/taxi/train/ship/subway/ on foot перед іменниками, що позначають види транспорту, артикль не І вживається: ♦ Коли іменники car/bus/boat/bycicle/plane/taxi/train/ship позначають фізичні об'єкти, артикль вживається як з іншими злі чуваними іменниками:	Не went to the seaside by train last week. Would you like to go on foot or by taxi? They 've got a new car. The car is very big. The train was very slow.
9. Перед іменниками в окличних реченнях	У окличних реченнях: уживається артикль а перед злічуваним іменником у однині: не вживається артикль перед злічуваним іменником у множині або незлічуваним іменником:	What a lovely dress! It was such a happy day! What lovely X dresses! What X bad weather! What X nonsense! What X luck! They were such X happy days!
10. З іменниками weather, news	З іменниками weather, news вживається означений артикль the. Якщо перед цими іменниками стоїть описове означення, артикль не вживається (окрім прикметника latest, перед яким завжди вживається the):	What's the weather like today? The weather is fine. I don't like rainy weather. What's the news? Have you heard the news? She told me the (latest) news. This is exciting news! No news is good news.

ПОШИРЕНІ ВИРАЗИ БЕЗ АРТИКЛЯ

Деякі іменники, що означають установи, наприклад, school, hospital, prison, court, town, work, а також деякі інші іменники, що означають певні місця, наприклад, market, bed, sea, class, home можуть вживатися без артикля, коли мова йде про звичайну мету використання/призначення цього місця /установи, а не про конкретну будівлю/місце. Коли мається на увазі конкретна будівля/місце, перед таким іменником вживається означений артикль the:

ІМЕННИК	БЕЗ АРТИКЛЯ	АРТИКЛЬ THE
Bed	in bed (sleeping/resting) go to bed, get our of bed I'm usually in bed till 9.	sit on the bed, make the bed The bed felt very uncomfortable.
Church	in/at church, go to church (to a service)	The church was magnificent.
School	School starts at 8 о 'clock (school activities)	The school is in the centre of the town (the school building)
Prison	He was sent to prison.	Vegetables were delivered to the prison twice a week.
Court	appear in court	explain to the court
Home	at home, go/соте home	in the house
Hospital	in hospital (as a patient), BE in the hospital, AE taken to hospital	at the hospital
Market	take something to market	in/at the market
Sea	at sea (sailing), go to sea (as a sailor)	at the seaside, nearly the sea
Town	in town, go to town, leave town	in the town centre
University	at university (studying), go to university (to study)	at/to the university is also possible in AE
Work	go to work, leave work, at work	go to the office/the firm/the factory

THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE/ МИНУЛИЙ НЕОЗНАЧЕНИЙ ЧАС

S + VERB ed / irr. 2 FORM

Ствердження	Заперечення	Запитання
I saw Bob you he, she, it yesterday. we, you, they	I did not (didn’t) You see Bob He, she, it yesterday We, you, they	I see Did You Bob He, she, it yesterday? We, you, they

закінчена дія у минулому, яка не пов'язана з теперішнім: With the past simple we often say when the action happened: Phrases with ago mean a finished time in the past:	/ saw Fred in town. / bought a new sweater yesterday. I saw that film 2 days ago.
3. повторювані, регулярні дії, перелік подій у минулому: - Typical time expressions: last week / year/a week, month ago/that afternoon/the other day, week/ in l 1999/once	І played football when I was a boy. I smoked ten cigarettes a day till I gave up.
4. y розповідях про минулі події, казках, оповіданнях:	Once upon a time a girl went into a wood and got lost there.
5. Для уточнення специфічних деталей: коли, де, яким чином певна дія трапилася у минулому:	Where did you go? When did you see her? I saw her ages ago.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE / МИНУЛИЙ ПОДОВЖЕНИЙ ЧАС

S sing + WAS + VERB + ing / S pl + WERE + VERB + ing

Ствердження	Заперечення	Запитання
I was playing chess You He, she, it at 5 p.m. We, you, they yesterday	I was not (wasn’t) You playing chess at He, she, it 5 p.m. yesterday We, you, they	Was I playing chess You at 5 p.m. He, she, it We, you, they yesterday?

1. дія, що тривала у певний момент у минулому:	At quarter to 10 I was walking home. She was watching TV from 7 till 8 yesterday.
2. дія, що тривала певний період у минулому:	Не was travelling to university by bus from Monday to Friday last week. I was working all week. I was very tired.
3. має таке ж значення як the Present Continuous, пункт 3, але відносно минулого:	Do you remember her? She was always losing things. Our teacher was constantly quoting Shakespeare.
4. "Фонові події": минулий тривалий час вживається поруч із минулим простим у складнопідрядному реченні, де передає довшу "фонову" дію, а минулий простий час - коротшу дію, яка відбулася під час "фонової":	She was washing her hair when the doorbell rang. I saw him when I was hurrying to the library.
5. при позначенні дії, що була заздалегідь запланована у минулому:	/ was on my way to the University. I was meeting my friend there ( I had arranged to meet him there).
6. на позначення «паралельних дій», коли дві дії одночасно тривали в минулому протягом певного періоду часу: Зазвичай вживається сполучник WHILE	He was washing up, while she was cleaning the kitchen. I was reading a book, while my mother was cooking in the kitchen.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Insert the article where necessary:

1. Have you … grandfather? 2. My brother is … doctor. 3. … Doctor Smith is in. 4. There are … beautiful flowers in … park. 5. Come to … blackboard and write … Exercise 55 on it. 6. You have … mistake in … word “table”. 7. He is … my old friend. 8. He gave her … cigarette and lighted it. 9. We were shocked by … scene that followed. 10. …Elbrus is … highest peak of … Caucasus. 11. … Japan is … country which is situated on … islands. 12. …London is on … Thames. 13. … Ontario is … beautiful lake. 14. … lake … Ontario is beautiful. 15. It is out of … question.

Exercise 2. Underline the errors in these sentences:

1.The pets are not permitted in this hotel. 2. Rabbit is small wild furry animal with long ears. 3. The New York is in the United States of America.

Exercise 3. Put a/an or leave the space blank:

1. … love makes the world go round. 2. Sheila has got … German car. 3. Rita works in … office in … West street. 4. I have … friend who is … electrician. 5. You are … silly boy! This is … cat not … dog! 6. … old person sometimes feels lonely. 7. Peter owns … largest model plane in … world.

Exercise 4. Put in the abbreviations with A or AN.

A Personal assistant …………..a PA……………………………….

A National Broadcasting Company reporter ………….an NBC reporter …………………..

1. a Disc Jockey ………………………………………………….

2. a Very Important Person ………………………………………………….

3. an Irish Republican Army member ………………………………………………….

4. a Personal Computer …………………………………………………..

5. a Los Angeles suburb …………………………………………………..

6. an Unidentified Flying Object …………………………………………………..

7. an Annual General Meeting …………………………………………………..

8. a Member of Parliament …………………………………………………..

Exercise 5. Mark the sentences that are right R or wrong W, correct the sentences that are wrong.

___1. The British Prime Minister lives in Downing Street. ___ 2.One of the nicest parks in London is St James's Park, which is very near Buckingham Palace. __ 3. Frank is a student at the Liverpool University. __ 4. Mr. Smith reads Daily Telegraph but his wife reads Times. __ 5. If you want to buy some new clothes, the shop I would recommend is the Harrison's. __ 6. We flew from London to Orly Airport. __ 7. Tate Gallery is the main modern art museum in London. __ 8. My local pub is called Prince of Wales. __ 9. Have you ever visited the Tower of London? __ 10. Which hotel are you staying at? – At Sheraton. __ 11. Diana and George got married in St Andrew 's Church. __ 12. You must visit Science Museum when you are in London.

Exercise 6. Choose the correct form, with or without the.

1. Look at apples / the apples on that tree! They are very large.

2. Women / the women are often better teachers than men / the men.

3. In Britain coffee / the coffee is more expensive than tea / tea.

4. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. Cheese / the cheese was especially good.

5. Most people / the most people still believe that marriage / the marriage and family life / the family life are basis of society.

6. They got married but marriage / the marriage wasn't successful. 7.I know someone who wrote a book about life / the life of Gandhi.

8. Life / the life would be very difficult without electricity / the electricity.

9. Skiing / the skiing is my favourite sport but I also like swimming / the swimming.

10. Second World War / the Second World War ended in 1945.

11. Do you know people / the people who live next door?

12. Are you interested in art / the art or architecture / the architecture?

13. All books / all the books on the top shelf belong to me.

Exercise 7. Insert the article where necessary.

1. This is ... book. Put ... book on the table. 2. Nick has ... big black dog.... dog is old. Its name is ... Rex. 3. Is there ... pen on the desk? 4. This is ... shelf. ... shelf is on ... wall. 5. This is ... fish. It is ... big fresh fish. 6. My sister's name is ... Liza. Liza is ... little girl. She is ... six. 7. This is kitchen. ... kitchen is small. 8. Does she like ... butter? 9. There are ... benches. ... benches are in ... park. 10. I don't like ... apples. 11. Where is your ... friend? — He is at... school. He is not at ... home. 12. Michael has ... car. His ... car is red. 13. This ... book is on ... table. Put ... book on ... shelf. 14. What's that? — It's ... pencil. ... pencil is long. 15. It' s a bus. ... bus is ... big and ... yellow. 16. Where is ... dog? — ... dog is under ... bench. 17. Where is his ... son? — His ... son is at ... school. 18. ...sun is shining in ... sky. 19. This is ... street. I can see many ... cars and ... buses in ... street. 20. This is ... tram. What colour is ... tram?

Exercise 8. Insert the article where necessary.

1. This is ... good ... book. 2. This is ... girl. She is at ... school. 3. My ... brother is at ... work. He is not at ... home. 4. This is my ... sister. She is ... pupil. My sister is ... good pupil. 5. He likes to read ... books. 6. They are drinking ... coffee now. ... coffee is hot. 7. My cousin is ... teacher. He is ... good teacher. He works at ... school. 8. She has ... long ... black hair. 9. I like these ... apples. Give me these ... apples, please. 10. We live in ... beautiful city. We like our ... city very much. 11. I am ... doctor. I work at... hospital. ... hospital is large. 12. You have two ... books. Give me one ... book, please. 13. Are you ... pupil? No, I am ... student. 14. Is he ... good pupil? 15. My friend bought ... interesting ... book last week. 16. He has ... daughter, but he has no ... son. 17. My father is sitting at ... table. He is writing ... letter. ... letter is long. 18. His brother has ... cat. ... cat is old and ... fat. 19. It is very dark in ... street. 20. I am at ... home. I am reading ... interesting book.

Exercise 9. Insert the article where necessary.

1. After ... work I usually go home. 2. He often comes from ... work late. 3. I begin my work at ... half past eight. 4. Close ... window, please. It is cold in ... room. 5. We have tests three times ... month. 6. He made ... mistake in his dictation. 7. ... lion is ... wild animal. 8. I need ... pencil. Give me ... pencil, please. 9. Yesterday our team won ... match. 10. He is not ... man I am looking for. 11. She is eating ... apple. ... apple is ripe. 12. I do not go to ... school on ... Sunday. 13. This woman is ... typist. She works at ... office is not far from her ... house. 14. Are there many ... magazines on ... table? 15. There are two windows in ... room. 16. His daughter is ... girl of ten. 17. Their sons go to ... school every day. 18. Her parents live in ... Kyiv. 19. My father often rests on ... Sunday. 20. Our flat is on ... third floor. 21. Today is ... ninth of September. 22. Peter, go to ... blackboard. 23. On ... Monday he comes from ... school at ... 5 o'clock.

Exercise 10. Insert the article where necessary.

1. ... second lesson today is English. 2. What is ... day today? — Today is ... Friday. 3. I will not go to ... work on ... Tuesday. 4. Lesson of English is ... last. 5. If you go to ... Edinburgh in ... August, you can't miss ... Edinburgh Arts Festival. This event attracts visitors from all over ... world. 6. This sportsman is ... fastest man in ... world. He won ... World Championship. 7. During ... flight I got ... bad headache. I called ... stew­ard and asked for ... tablets. ... steward helped me. 8. "Kids" is ... latest rock sensation from ... United States. After ... concerts, ... fans wait outside ... concert hall. 9. Look at ... pictures! Do you like ... city? — ... city is very beautiful and clean. It is one of ... most beautiful cities in ... world.

Exercise 11. Insert the article where necessary.

1. Michael works in ... shop in ... town centre. She can't _ use ... phone at ... work. 2. Peter is ... window cleaner. He cleans windows for ... offices. 3. His father is ... engineer. He works at ... plant. 4. Where is ... table? — It is in ... corner of ... room, near ... window. 5. Are there any ... flowers in ... vase? 6. She lives on ... fifth floor. 7. Where is ... cheese? — ... cheese is on ... plate. 8. There are ... plates and ... cups on ... tea-table. 9. Is there ... tea-pot on ... table? Is there ... tea In ... tea-pot?

Exercise 12. Insert the article where necessary.

1. She is ... good musician: she plays ... piano beautifully. 2. Mississippi is lager than ... Thames. 3. This hotel is more comfortable than ... other one. 4. Mary is not at ... office. I think she has gone ... home. 5. At ... age of nineteen, he joined ... army. 6. I saw ... beautiful dress in ... shop yesterday. 7. This is ... most expensive car of them all. 8. ... weather here is colder than at ... home. 9. He studies ... French and ... English. 10. She doesn't use ... sugar when she cooks. 11. My friend stayed at... home last night and listened to ... radio. 12. It was ... summer afternoon: ... sun was shining. 13. Do you go to ... work by ... car? 14. Hе doesn't work at ... restaurant, he works at ... post-office. 15. They eat ... lot. 16. We were at ... theatre ... last week. There was ... very interesting performance. 17. We saw her when she was going to ... work.

Exercise 13. Insert the article where necessary.

1. After ... few minutes, he walked through ... park gates. 2. I will have ... bath tonight. 3. His parents give him ... lot of money. 4. ... police arrested him in ... evening. 5. My friend invited all ... students in ... school. 6. ... cheese is made from ... milk. 7. Do you like ... cakes? 8. ... teacher told ... children to come to school in ... time. 9. He must stay at ... home today. 10. I think we can go to ... London for ... holiday. 11. They like walking in ... mountains. 12. ... New Zealand is not far from ... Australia. 13. He has ... house and ... beautiful garden near it. 14. This computer is made in ... USA. 15. They choose ... new person for this job.

Exercise 14. Rewrite the text changing the verbs into the Past Simple Tense.

The weather is bad. There is no sun in the sky. Beth wakes up late in the morning. She doesn't want to leave the bed. She stays in her bed for some time. But Beth is hungry. She wants something to eat. She makes herself to get up, and goes to the bathroom. She washes and cleans her teeth. Beth goes to the kitchen and has her breakfast. After breakfast she thinks how to spend her day. Suddenly the telephone rings. Her friend Tom phones. Tom says he has two tickets to the theatre and he invites her to go and see the play. Beth thanks him and agrees to go to the theatre. The play begins at twelve. She has only two hours to dress and to get to the theatre. Beth doesn't know what to put on in such a bad weather. She thinks for some minutes and chooses her beautiful dress! The weather is bad but she is in a good mood.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Simple or Past Simple.

1.His mother (to be) a housewife. 2. They (to be) happy to see you now? 3. You (to write) the test yesterday. 4. She (not to go) to school. She (to be) ill. 5. His brother (to come) yesterday? - No, he (not to come). He (to be) busy. 6. They (to have) a nice weekend last week. 7.Yesterday he (to get) home and (to take) his dog for a walk. 8. You often (to go) to the theatre? - Not very often. Usually we (to go) there once a month. 9. Why Susan (not to notice) us last night? - We (to be) in the shadow and she (not to see) us. 10. What animals you (to like) better: cats or dogs? 11. She (to buy) a new dress two days ago? - No, she (not to buy) it. 12. What your sister (to do) every Sunday? — She (to meet) with her friends.13. He (not to understand) the teacher at the last lesson. 14. Last month we (to move) to other place. 15. She (to be) ill now. She (to eat) an ice-cream yesterday. 16. They (to sell) their house a week ago? - I (not to know). 17. My grandmother often (to forget) her spectacles in her room when she (to leave) the house. 18. Can you tell me what the weather (to be) like?

Exercise 16. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple and Past Continuous Tense.

1. When mother (to enter) his room, he (to draw) a picture. 2. When my sister (to come) in, I (to do) my lessons. 3. When her aunt (to air) the room, she (to catch) cold. 4. The telephone (to ring) when I (to leave) the house. 5. When I (to meet) her, she (to go) to the office. 6. He (to wash) his face when somebody (to knock) at the door. 7. The young people (to dance) when I (to come) to the party. 8. When he (to wash) the dishes, he (to break) a plate. 9. When I (to ring) him, he (to learn) a rule. 10. When she (to play) in the yard, she (to see) her mother. 11) Her son (to fall) when he (to climb) up the tree. 12. When they (to see) their children, they (to play). 13. When I (to enter) the bar, I (to see) that they (to drink) coffee. 14. When he (to do) his homework, he (to make) a lot of mistakes. 15) When the teacher (to come) into the classroom, all the pupils (to sit) at their desks. 16) When I (to watch) television, the phone rang. 17. When she (to drive) her car, she (to feel) a headache. 18. We (to make) the beds when Jane (to open) the door.

Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the Past simple or the Past Continuous Tense.

1. Who (to quarrel) at that time? — His friend (to quarrel). 2. Beth and Tom (to watch) a TV programme when their mother (to ask) them to help her. 3. You (to help) your mother while she (to wash) up. 4. The scientist (to work) in the laboratory when somebody (to switch) off the light. 5. Whom you (to talk) on the phone to, when I came into the room? 6. Jane (to have) a walk in the park when it (to begin) to snow. 7. Why you (not to have) classes at nine o'clock? Our teacher (to be) ill. 8.Yesterday the whole lesson we (to revise) grammar. 9. While Helen (to take) a shower mother (to wash) dishes. 10. I (to lay) the table when I (to break) a plate. 11. When I (to meet) them in the yard, they (to laugh). 12. She (not to get) up at six o'clock yesterday. She (to get up) at eight. 13. They just (to leave) the house when we (to arrive). 14. When he (to come) to the station, his friend already (to wait) for him.

Exercise 18. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple and Past Continuous Tense.

1. We (to be) on a school trip when the bus (to break) down. 2. He (not to look) at him while he (to speak). 3. Beth and Ann (to wave) their hands in the direction of the ship which (to disappear) a minute ago. 4. When I (to see) my granny, she (to sit) in the arm-chair and (to catch) the sun's early morning rays. 5. She (to sing) a song while she (to go) to school. 6. He (to try) to open the door when we (to see) him in corridor. 7. It (to be) yesterday when she (to have) the most brilliant idea. 8. What you (to think) about when I (to ask) you a question? 9. He (to stare) up at the ceiling, when I (to enter) her room.

Exercise 19. Rewrite the text changing the verbs into the Past Simple Tense.

The weather is bad. There is no sun in the sky. Beth wakes up late in the morning. She doesn't want to leave the bed. She stays in her bed for some time. But Beth is hungry. She wants something to eat. She makes herself to get up, and goes to the bathroom. She washes and cleans her teeth. Beth goes to the kitchen and has her breakfast. After breakfast she thinks how to spend her day. Suddenly the telephone rings. Her friend Tom phones. Tom says he has two tickets to the theatre and he invites her to go and see the play. Beth thanks him and agrees to go to the theatre. The play begins at twelve. She has only two hours to dress and to get to the theatre. Beth doesn't know what to put on in such a bad weather. She thinks for some minutes and chooses her beautiful dress! The weather is bad but she is in a good mood.

Exercise 20. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple and Past Continuous Tense.

1. We (to leave) the party when he (to arrive). 2. What they (to do) when you (to see) them? 3. When he (to come) to see me, I (to have) a bath. 4. I (to read) a book when I (to hear) the noise. 5. They (to have) supper when he (to visit) them. 6. We (to sit) here yesterday when he (to pass). 7. She (to cross) the road when she (to see) the accident. 8. I (to choose) the present when my friend (to enter) the shop. 9. When my aunt (to go) home, she (to lose) her purse. 10. His brother (to sleep) when he (to leave). 11. They (to wait) for me at five o'clock yesterday. 12. What he (to do), when you (to arrive)? 13. It (to snow) when I (to go) out. 14. Who (to come) in when you (to translate) an article? 15. When they (to play) in my room, they (to find) my note­book.

Exercise 21. Translate the sentences into English, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. Що ти робив, коли прийшли твої батьки? - Я робив уроки. 2. Коли він дивився телевізор, задзвонив телефон. 3. Він спав, коли до нього прийшли друзі. 4. Ти знайшов гриби, коли гуляв у лісі? 5. Коли вона йшла на роботу, вона зустріла свою по­другу. 6. Хто допомагав тобі прибирати в кімнаті? 7. Він розповів тобі цю історію? — Так, він розповів її мені о третій годині. 8. Коли ми вийшли з дому, йшов сильний дощ. 9. Я думав над дуже складним питанням, коли раптом задзвонив телефон. 10. Коли я зустрів її, вона поспішала на роботу. 11. Що він робив вчора о сьомій? — Він працював над доповіддю. 12. Ми побачили білку, коли гуляли у лісі. 13. Вона була хворою і лежала у ліжку, коли ми прийшли провідати її. 14. Він керував автомобілем, коли відчув біль. 15. Діти переходили дорогу в недозволеному місці, коли міліціонер зупинив їх. 16. Я чистив зуби, коли задзвонив телефон. 17. Вчора о шостій годині я робив уроки, а мама читала газети. 18. Коли він прийшов додому, його сім'я обідала. 19. Бабуся побачила, що онук грає у дворі, коли виглянула у вікно. 20. Вчора о сьомій ми обговорювали це питання.

Exercise 22. Open the brackets, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. Не (not to open) the window before classes yesterday. 2. You (to do) your homework at ten o'clock yesterday? 3. I (to hurry) to the library when I (to meet) him. 4. She (to translate) a lot of articles at the office last week. 5. We (to smoke) in the room when he (to see) us. 6. Her sister (to stay) at her friends over the last week -end. 7. We (to pack) our things when our taxi (to come). 8. The day before yesterday he (to finish) his work at seven o'clock. 9. They (to have) their English lesson at nine o'clock yes­terday. 10. It (to be) morning, when I (to have) breakfast at six o'clock. 11. What he (to do) ten years ago? - He (to study) at school. 12. Yesterday I (to ask) my friend not to ring me. 13. Last week I (to be) cross with my friend. 14. You (to play) volley-ball last Sunday? - No, we (to play) football. 15. My father (to write) a very interesting article last month. 16. She (to come) home at eleven o'clock that's why she (not to call) you. 17. What the weather (to be) like yesterday? - It (to be) fine. 18. We (to talk) loudly but he (not to wake) up. 19. When you last (to be) in this city? - I (to be) here five years ago. 20. I (to be) angry when he (to ring) me so late yesterday.

Exercise 23. Open the brackets, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. Why you (to be) angry with me yesterday? - I (not to be). 2. Where you (to be) last night? - We (to be) at the theatre. 3. When I (to come) to the bus stop, I (to see) a boy who (to play) with a dog. 4. It (to be) eleven o'clock, when I (to decide) to go to bed. 5. What time they (to have) supper yesterday? - They (to have) supper from seven till eight. 6. When she (to see) him a year ago she (not to recognize) him. 7. You (to prepare) for your lessons last night? 8. He (to like) the last show he (to see). 9. I (to be) very busy yesterday. I (to prepare) for my exam the whole day. 10. My brother (to wash) the dishes while I (to sweep) the floor. 11. When Beth (to hurry) to the institute, she (to see) her friend. 12. Why you (not to see) a doctor yesterday? 13. Why he (not to pass) his exam yesterday? - He (to feel) ill. 14. I (to give) him a good advice when he (to meet) me in the street. 15. You (to make) your report yesterday? - No, I (to be) ill. I (to have) a temperature. 16. It (to rain) heavily when he (to go) out. 17. My mother (to cook) dinner while we (to watch) TV yesterday. 18. You (to go) to see your friend, when she (to be) ill? 19. I (to close) the window because it (to start) raining. 20. My brother (to open) the door and (to take) a book yesterday.

Exercise 24. Translate the sentences into English, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. Хто відвідав вас учора? - Наші родичі приїхали до нас. Ми були раді побачити їх. 2. Куди ти йшов, коли я побачив тебе вчора? — Я йшов у бібліотеку. Я працював у бібліотеці з п'ятої до восьмої години. 3. Вчора на уроці ми прочитали цікаву статтю. Потім вчитель задавав нам питання, а ми відповідали на них. Ми обговорювали цю статтю весь урок. 4. Де ви були вчора? Я приходив до вас, але вас не було вдома. - Я відвідував свого друга. Весь вечір ми грали в шахи. 5. Моя сестра запросила мене в кіно позавчора. Ми пішли в кіно о дев'ятій вечора. Фільм тривав півтори години і закінчився о десятій тридцять. Додому ми повер­нулись пізно. 6. Вчора був вихідний. Я пізно прокинувся і пізно поснідав. Я визирнув у вікно і побачив, що іде сніг. Оскільки погода була поганою, я вирішив не йти на прогулянку. Весь день я дивився телевізор і читав журнали. 7. Минулої неділі я ходила на прогулянку зі своїми дітьми. Погода була сонячною. Яскраво світило сонце і дув теплий вітер. Ми гуляли з другої по п'яту годину. О п'ятій годині ми пішли додому.

Exercise 25. Open the brackets, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. It (to be) a rainy afternoon. Nick (to sit) at the table and (to write) to his friend. He (to write) about his last summer holidays. His mother (to cook) dinner when he (to write) the letter. As soon as his dinner (to be) ready, mother (to invite) him to have dinner. Nick (to stop) writing and (to go) to the kitchen.

2. Last summer we (to spend) in the country. We (to live) in a small house. Every day we (to go) to the river. Suddenly a big grey cloud (to cover) the sun and it (to begin) raining heavily. We (to run) home. It (to rain) the whole evening and night.

3. Yesterday I (to ring) up to my friend but nobody (to answer). I (to ring) him from 2 till 7 o'clock. At last he (to answer) at eight o'clock in the evening. He (to tell) me that he (to pass) his exam at 3 o'clock.

4. It (to be) early morning when she (to get) up. She (to open) the window and (to see) that the weather (to be) fine. The sun (to shine) brightly, the birds (to sing) in the trees, the warm wind (to blow). She (not to close) the window and (to decide) to invite her friend for a walk.

Exercise 26. Open the brackets, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. When we (to meet) him, he (to go) to the shop. He (to want) to buy some food. 2. What you (to look) for when I (to open) the door? 3. Your daughter (to skate) on the pond from five till six? 4. What they (to laugh) at when he (to come) in? - They (to laugh) at a funny story. 5. Where he (to go) when rain (to begin)? - He (to go) to the office. 6. What she (to play) when I (to ring) her up? - She (to play) the violin.

Exercise 27. Translate the sentences into English, using Past Simple and Past Continuous.

1. Вчора він сидів у своїй кімнаті, коли зайшла його дружина і сказала, що їхні діти прийшли додому. 2. Чому ти зробив стільки помилок в останньому диктанті? — Я думав про щось інше під час диктанту. 3. Вона зламала ключ, коли намагалась відчинити двері. 4. Минулої п'ятниці я весь день працював над доповіддю. 5. Що робили діти, коли ви зайшли до кімнати? - Вони гралися м'ячем. 6. Позавчора о другій я ремонтував годинник. 7. Коли ми пливли на човні, ми побачили маленький острів попереду. 8. Хто допомагав тобі, коли ти прибирала в кімнаті? 9. Минулого року мої батьки взяли мене з собою у від­рядження. 10. Ти спав вчора о десятій? - Ні. В цей час я гуляв зі своїм собакою у дворі. 11. Вчора я кудись поклав свої зошити. 12. Ми прийшли додому о п'ятій годині. В цей час наш син дивився телевізор. 13. Що вона відповіла вам, коли ви запросили її в театр? 14. Мати приготувала обід о четвертій годині. 15. Він не дивився телевізор о шостій годині, він слухав музику.

Exercise 28. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple, Present Simple and Past Continuous Tense.

Once, while I (to walk) in a park of London, I (to see) an old man. He (to sit) on a bench holding a book in his hands. I (to see) that the book (to be) of great interest. It (to be) a very old copy of early Byron's works. I (to look) at the old man (to understand) that he (to know) that I (to sit) because of him and the book. I (to smile). "It is the last I (to have)”, he (to say) and (to stretch) it out to me. I (to take) the words: "I love the old books." I (to open) the book and (to look) at the date: it (to be) a remarkable book. “I (to have) a hard life and this book (to be) a comfort to me. But I have to sell it," (to say) the old man .

Unit 4

SHOPPING

LET’S START, GUYS!

Vocabulary: words naming various types of shops and shopping departments, goods that can be purchased there, certain expressions of the topic under consideration.

Grammar: the Quantifiers, the Impersonal It, the Formal Subject THERE.

Language practice: developing communicative skills in the use of a new vocabulary, topic presentations.

Exercise 1. Read the dialogue and translate it into Ukrainian. Then dramatize it in parts.

Mother: Pete, we've run out of vegetables and we've hard­ly any bread in the house. You know, now it's your turn to go to the greengrocer's and to the baker's.

Pete: Oh, God! Why do we have to go shopping so often?

M: The day before yesterday it was Nelly who did all the shopping. She went to the butcher's and to the fishmonger’s.

P: Did she? But, Mother, girls are so fond of shopping. Let Nelly do it today as well.

M: Oh, you've been a lazy-bone ever since you were born! It's so difficult to make you go anywhere.

P: Do you want to make me a model boy, Mum?

M: I'd like to. Take that bag and don't grumble. Buy a cabbage, a pound of onions, half a pound of carrots and a loaf of bread. Here is the money and don't forget the change.

P: Did I ever forget it?

M: I don't say you did. But you are so absent-minded.

P: (sighing): My teacher says the same.

M: I expect you to be back in half an hour. Oh, and don’t forget to buy “The Financial Times” for father at the newsagent’s … And tulips at the florist’s. Tomorrow grandma is having her birthday.

P: All right. I'll do my best.

Exercise 2. Dramatize the dialogue in different moods. As if you were:

• a modest librarian and a hard-rock musician;

• a strict teacher and a noble old lady;

• a thief and a judge.

Exercise 3. Now compose a similar dialogue and act it in pairs.

Now read and translate the text.☺Pay attention to the new vocabulary below.

SHOPPING

My friend will have a birthday party in a week, so I have decided to look for a birth­day present for her. I went to the shopping mall which is situated in the centre of our city. It's a multistoreyed building where one can get everything in the way of food and man­ufactured goods. I must confess it was so difficult to make a suitable purchase in such a huge shop with a lot of counters and shelves. When I arrived at the Central Department Store I first admired the window dressing. Then I went along the ground floor and looked into the shop windows of the grocery, where I could see all kinds of foodstuffs: meat, fish, tinned food, sausage, fruit, wine, sweets, chocolates, etc. There were some commer­cial counters on the ground floor and I found myself in a fantastic motley city of different things.

Then I went upstairs to the first floor, where I couldn't help admiring on seeing vari­ous goods. There were on sale: haberdashery, stationery, hosiery, leather wear, and knitwear. To tell you the truth, I was impressed by a great selection of silk skirts and shirts, different kinds of frocks and coats, leather boots and shoes, woollen pullovers and sweaters, jeans and suits, jackets and blouses, bags and wallets. There one can get every­thing in the way of clothes wanted by men, women and children: footwear, knitwear, ready-made clothes, furs and what not. I admired the cut and the style of a light sum­mer frock. It was the latest fashion and I made up my mind to try it on. A pleasant-looking shop assistant proposed me to put the frock on and look in the mirror. But un­fortunately it was a bit loose on me and didn't suit me perfectly.

On the second floor of the shopping mall I could see all kinds of household utensils: crockery, china, electric appliances, cutlery, pots and pans, vacuum cleaners, wash­ing machines, cameras, radio and television sets, computers, stereo cassette recorders and many other things one may want in the house. Besides, there were perfumery, flo­rist's, gift and souvenir departments. The shop assistant suggested looking at a beauti­ful watercolour. I liked that nice picture very much and I was sure my friend would like it too. The price of the present wasn't very high, I must admit. So I paid the money at the cash desk. The cashier gave me a receipt and I came up to the shop assistant with it again. I produced my receipt and obtained a gift-wrapped parcel with a string. She thanked me and added they were always glad to see me at their shop. I felt very excited at the thought that I had bought a very nice birthday present, and left the shop.

On my way home I suddenly remembered that my mother had given me a few er­rands. We'd run out of bread and I had to drop in at the baker's to buy a loaf of white bread, a loaf of brown one, five rolls and half a dozen of small cakes. There was a long queue at the grocer's but I had nothing to do but stand in the queue for half an hour to buy a kilo of sugar and some sausages. Then I bought some fruits (bananas and apples) at the vegetable stall near the bus stop.

I was lucky to buy everything I wanted. Frankly speaking, I like to go shopping.

Now answer the following questions.

1. When do you usually go shopping?

2. Where do you go shopping?

3. What have you bought today in the way of food?

4. What have you recently bought in the way of manufactured goods?

5. What departments do you visit most often?

6. Are the shops crowded when you do your shopping?

7. What do you usually buy in the market?

8. What is the biggest Department Store in Kyiv (in your home town)?

9. What is your favourite shop / Department Store? Why?

10. Are you a spendaholic? What goods do you like to buy most of all?

Learn the following words by heart. ☺

Shopping mall Supermarket Shopping center Store Department Store Cash and carry Jumble sale Jumble shop At the grocer’s At the greengrocer’s At the florist’s At the chemist’s Drugstore / pharmacy At the butcher’s At the fishmonger’s At the baker’s At the newsagent’s At the tobacconist’s Foodstuffs Hosiery Ready-made clothes Linen and underwear Hats Footwear Textiles Glassware Sporting goods store Jewellery Stationery Toys Audiovision Video camera Video player Radio / receiver Crockery China Household utensils Perfumery Eye shadow Mascara Lipstick Powder Gel Face cream Shaving cream Bottle of perfume Eau-de-Cologne Shampoo Nail polish Polish remover Deodorant Hair dye

Торговий пасаж Супермаркет Торговий центр Магазин Універмаг Оптовий супермаркет Розпродаж речей, що були у використанні Секонд-хенд У бакалії В овочевому магазині У квітковому магазині В аптеці Аптека У м’ясній лавці У рибній лавці У хлібному магазині У магазині преси У тютюновій крамниці Харчові продукти Панчішні вироби Готовий одяг Постільна й спідня білизна Головні убори Взуття Тканини Вироби зі скла Спортивні товари Ювелірні вироби Канцелярські товари Іграшки Аудіовізуальні засоби Відеокамера Відеоплеєр Радіоприймач Фаянсовий посуд Порцеляновий посуд Предмети домашнього вжитку Парфумерія Тіні для повік Туш для вій Губна помада Пудра Гель Крем для обличчя Крем для гоління Скляночка парфумів Одеколон Шампунь Лак для нігтів Рідина для зняття лаку Дезодорант Фарба для волосся

Haberdashery Hairbrush Hand mirror Electric shaver Wallet Purse Pin Needle Thread Handkerchief Umbrella Watch Belt Nail file Electric appliances Gift shop Delicatessen Off-licence Fur Ladies’ Wear Men’s Wear Baby Clothes Fitting-room Purchase Shop-assistant Supervisor Counter Cashier Cash desk Price Sale Discount Cash money Currency Currency exchange Change Coin Expensive Cheap Fixed price Reasonable price Consumer goods Receipt Window dressing Shop window Window shopping Queue / line Whatnot To buy (bought, bought) To sell (sold, sold) To suggest

Галантерея Щітка для волосся Дзеркальце Електробритва Гаманець (чоловічий) Гаманець (жіночий) Булавка Голка Нитки Хустинка Парасолька Наручний годинник Пояс Пилочка для нігтів Електричні прилади Магазин подарунків Магазин делікатесів Магазин алкогольних напоїв Відділ хутра Відділ жіночого одягу Відділ чоловічого одягу Відділ дитячого одягу Примірювальна Покупка Продавець Директор магазину Прилавок Касир Каса Ціна Продаж / розпродаж Знижка Готівка Валюта Обмін валют Решта Монета Дорогий Дешевий Фіксована ціна Помірна ціна Товари народного споживання Чек Товари на вітрині Вітрина Дивитися на вітрини, нічого не купуючи Черга Все, що завгодно Купувати Продавати Пропонувати

!!! Study the following expressions under consideration.

To go shopping / to do shopping To do the round of shops In cash Pay cash Pay by cheque / credit card Cheap and nasty Above price Spendaholic Pin money To cost a bomb Buy a pig in a poke A knockdown price To buy smth for a song To run out of smth To make up one’s mind Can I help you? Do you have any? What can I show you? Can you show me? Are you being served? Is there anything on sale? At what department can I buy…? Please, show me… Show me something cheaper. This folder will describe it for you. What make is it? What about this one? Where is the fitting room? I’d like to try it on. May I regard myself in the mirror? How much is it? / How much does it cost? / How much does that sell for? / What is the price of it? Do you have a discount? It’s too expensive for me. It’s a real bargain. I’ll take it. Can you wrap it up? Here you are. Anything else? I can drop in again. I’ll have the poor shop-assistant worn out. I’d like to ask you to hold it till I get back.

Робити покупки Обійти ряд магазинів Готівкою Платити готівкою Платити чеком / кредитною карткою Дешево та сердито Безцінний Людина, котра дуже полюбляє робити покупки Кишенькові гроші Дуже дорого коштувати Купити кота в мішку Класна ціна Купити щось дуже дешево Виснажити свої запаси в чомусь Вирішувати Чим можу допомогти? Чи є у Вас…? Що Вам показати? Покажіть, будь-ласка… Вас обслуговують? Чи є що-небудь у (роз)продажу? В якому відділі я можу купити…? Будь-ласка, покажіть мені… Покажіть мені що-небудь дешевше. У цьому буклеті все описано. Чиє це виробництво? Як щодо ось цього? Де примірювальна? Я б хотів це приміряти. Чи можна оглянути себе у дзеркалі? Скільки це коштує? Чи Ви даєте знижку? Це занадто дорого для мене. Це вигідна покупка. Я беру це. Загорніть, будь-ласка. Ось, будь-ласка. Ще що-небудь? Я зайду знову. Я зовсім замучив продавця. Я попрошу Вас відкласти це, доки я не повернуся.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Prove that the proverbs (sayings) have sense. Give examples from your own experience.

1. Penny wise and pound foolish.

2. Cut the coat according to the cloth.

3. In department stores, so much kitchen equipment is bought indiscriminately by people who just come in for men's underwear. (Julia Fhilds)

4. We always hold hands. If I let go, she shops. (Hunny Youngman)

5. Whoever said money can't buy happiness simply didn't know where to go shopping. (Bo Derek)

6. When women are depressed, they eat or go shopping. Men invade another country. It's a whole different way of thinking. (Elayne Boosler)

7. Shopping is better than sex. If you're not satisfied after shopping you can make an exchange for something you really like. (Adrienne Gusoff)

8. We used to build civilizations. Now we build shopping malls. (Bill Bryson)

Exercise 2. Unscramble the following words.

1. erysohi ____________________

2. ruf ____________________

3. oyst ____________________

4. nachi ____________________

5. posh ____________________

6. meryfuper ____________________

7. lletwa ____________________

8. nottahn ____________________

9. paech ____________________

10. oinc ____________________

11. sechapur ____________________

12. unterco ____________________

13. genach ____________________

14. rewassagl ____________________

15. lestexti ____________________

16. shca ____________________

17. orets ____________________

18. wellryje ____________________

19. onryeitast ____________________

20. daryharebshe ____________________

Exercise 3. Match the following English idioms to their dictionary definitions. Compose a sentence with each idiom.

Buy a pig in a poke Be in the market for smth Burn a hole in one’s pocket Have money to burn Pin money Cost a bomb Above price Buy for a song Dirt cheap Cheap and nasty

Some money someone spends on himself rather than on necessary things; Be extremely expensive, important; Cost a lot of money; To be interested in buying smth; Have a lot of money; Very cheaply; Extremely low in price; Very low in price and quality; Someone wants to spend his money as soon as he can; Something one has bought without seeing, and that one may then find to be worthless.

Exercise 4. The following sentences all contain an idiom with one key word missing. Choose one of the four alternatives to com­plete the idiom.

1. Penny wise and …. (pounder, pound, pounding, punt) foolish. 2. I bought a pig in a … (pole, poke, poker, polo). 3. The Browns bought the car … (onto, over, on, out) their neighbour's head. 4. It'll burn a … (whole, hole, hollow, holly) in my pocket. 5. Our neigh­bour is rich. He has money to … (turn, burn, burst, burden). 6. My sister spends money like … (wodge, wad, water, wafer). 7. Have you got any … (pill, pin, pig, pick) money? 8. This blouse costs a … (bond, bong, bone, bomb). 9. Was it expensive? - Oh, no! I bought it for a … (gong, honk, song, bong). 10. These shirts are … (curt, hurt, dirt, murky) cheap.

Exercise 5. In what shops / departments can you buy the following items?

1. .... e.g. lamb, beef, pork, mutton, veal

2. e.g. shoes, sandals, boots, slippers

3. e.g. potatoes, beans, onions, parsley

4. e.g. sofa, armchair, table, bed

5. e.g. television, washing machine, food processor

6. e.g. ring, earrings, necklace, bracelet

7. e.g. teddy bear, plastic gun, Lego

8. e.g. writing paper, envelopes, pens, pencils

9. …………………...e.g. roses, tulips, daisies, peonies

10. …………………...e.g. newspapers, journals, magazines

Exercise 6. What word or phrase is being defined in these sentences?

1. _______________ _ A shop where you buy meat.

2. ______________ _ A place with many shops, either outside or indoors.

3. ________________ A person who works in a shop.

4. ________________ The place where you can try on clothes in a shop.

5. ________________ The place where you pay for things in a shop.

6. ________________ To look round the shops without planning to buy anything.

7. _________________ A shop where you buy wine, beer and soft drinks.

8. _________________ A shop where you buy medicines, baby products, shampoo, etc.

Exercise 7. a) Read the title of the article below. What do you think it is going to be about? Which of the following words / phrases would you expect to find in it? In what context?

• Long queues

• Enjoy the holiday

• Feel embarrassed

• Gift shopping

• Cut down

• Corner shop

• Window shopping

• Wrapping paper

• Opening hours

• Last-minute trips

• Shopping list

• The Internet

b) Read and translate the following article.

TAKE THE STRESS OUT OF SHOPPING

The holiday season is one of the most stressful times of the year, especially when it comes to shopping. Shoppers are faced with long queues at the counters, last minute shopping trips and midnight gift wrapping. If you want to enjoy the holidays and experience less stress this year, here are a few simple holiday shopping tips. The first step to successful gift shopping is to make a list of who you need to buy presents for. You also need to know what type of gift you would like to give each person, as this will help you save both time and money. The next step is to decide where you want to do your shopping. If you are going to a shopping centre, make sure you have already decided which shops you want to visit. This will help cut down on the time you have to spend on your shopping trip as well as keeping you from wandering around window shopping. If possible try to do your shopping on weekdays, or if you have to do it on the weekends, go early in the morning to avoid the crowds. Another tip is to stock up on basic items, such as wrapping paper, ribbon, tape, cards and tags, before the season rush begins as the selection is usually better and the shops are not as crowded. It's also a good idea to buy some spare presents, for example candles or chocolates, and pre-wrap them, as this can save you from embarrassing moments and last-minute trips to the shops for people you have forgotten. Finally, make sure that you save all your sales receipts in an envelope, just in case something needs to be returned or exchanged. Also make sure that you check each shop's policy on returning items as this will help you, or the people you are buying for, to avoid getting stuck with an unsuitable or unwanted gift. If all of this sounds like too much hard work, then, thanks to modern technology, many of us have the option of doing all our shopping on the Internet, without ever having to leave home. Many shopping sites will even wrap your gifts, include a personalised card and ship them directly to your relatives and friends. No matter how you do your shopping, it's important not to lose sight of the fact that you are buying gifts to show your love and affection for friends and family. At times like these it is easy to forget that it's the thought that counts, not the gift.

c) Read the statements below and guess which are correct “+” and which are incorrect “—“. Give their right variants.

1. __ The holiday season can be very tiring.

2. __ Holiday shopping can be made easier.

3. __ It’s important to make a list of how much you want to spend.

4. __ You should take the time to go window shopping.

5. __ The best time to go shopping is at the weekend.

6. __ It’s best to buy wrapping paper and cards before you buy your gifts.

7. __ Buying spare presents can save you money.

8. __ Make sure you can return or exchange goods before you buy them.

9. __ Shopping on the Internet is a hard work.

10. __Internet gifts can be delivered already wrapped.

d) Now answer the questions below.

1. Why can shopping be stressful during the holidays?

2. What can you do to avoid this?

3. How many tips does the writer mention in the article?

4. Which do you consider is the most important? Why?

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English, using the words and expressions of the topic under consideration.

1. Вчора Бен купив букет троянд для своєї дружини. Троянди дуже дорого коштували. 2. Я вважаю, що цей чудовий діамантовий браслет просто безцінний. 3. Такі светри зараз дуже модні. – А чиє це виробництво? – Китай, як завжди. 4. Завтра в м’ясній лавці ми купимо яловичини й зробимо котлети. 5. Через тиждень ми поїдемо в Лондон відвідати величезний торговий центр «Теско». 6. У магазинах я завжди плачу готівкою. 7. Де можна придбати гарну постільну й спідню білизну? 8. У тебе є з собою гривні готівкою? – Ні, лише долари. Зараз обміняю їх у відділі обміну валюти. 9. Через 2 роки я закінчу коледж і буду працювати продавцем в універмазі. 10. Де тут знаходиться відділ панчішних виробів? – На другому поверсі. 11. Я завжди забуваю взяти чек у касира. 12. Найулюбленіший відділ моєї дружини – «Ювелірні вироби». 13. Я ніколи не купую одяг в секонд-хендах. 14. Зараз всі українці мріють про фіксовані ціни на товари й продукти харчування. 15. Це вино таке дороге! – Для цього сорту така ціна є доволі помірною. 16. Чому ти постійно дивишся на вітрини магазинів і нічого не купуєш? – Грошей немає. 17. У відділі алкогольних напоїв ви можете купити вино, горілку, коньяк, шампанське й все, що завгодно. 18. Подивись на цей костюм: дешево та сердито! 19. Батьки кожного тижня дають мені кишенькові гроші. – Не сміши мене! Мені тато дає свою кредитну картку, бо я людина, яка страшенно полюбляє робити покупки. 20. Ці джинси коштують всього 20 доларів. – Класна ціна!

Let’s have a look at some English Grammar!

QUANTIFIERS / КВАНТИТАТИВНІ СЛОВА

1. Вираження поняття багато 1. Поняття багато в англійській мові виражається за допомогою так званих квантитативних слів перед іменником у множині або незлічуваним іменником:
a lot of/lots of + іменник у Множині many + іменник у множині	A lot of/ Lots of tourists come here. There aren't many tourists here in winter.
a lot of/lots of + незлі чуваний іменник much+ незлічуваний іменник	You 'll have a lot of/lots of fun at the party. There isn't much traffic on a Sunday.
2. Уживання a lot of/lots of many, much	Традиційно a lot of/lots of вживаються у стверджувальних реченнях, a many, much - у заперечних та питальних
♦ Positive	+ There are a lot of mistakes in the dictation.
♦ Negative	- There aren't many mistakes in your paper. - / don't have much spare time.
♦ Questions	? How many mistakes are there in your dictation? How much free time do you have?
♦ many, much (але не a lot of/lots of) вживаються після слів very, so, too, as, how - quite, rather вживаються перед a lot of/lots of, але не перед many, much - lots of є менш офіційним , ніж a lot of. У розмовній англійській мові а lot of/lots of може також вживатися у заперечних та питальних реченнях - many, much можуть також вживатися у стверджувальних реченнях у офіційному мовленні - замість many, much може вживатися сполучення plenty of - замість many може вживатися сполучення a great many, a large number of замість much може вживатися	There were so many adventures. There's too much concrete and not enough grass. ♦ There are quite a lot of tourists. - There aren 't a lot of/many tourists here. ? Is there a lot of/much support for the idea? + Many tourists come here year after year. There are a lot of/lots of/plenty of/many opportunities. There is a lot of/lots of/plenty of/much fun. There are many/a great many/a large number of problems. There is much/a great deal of/a good deal of trouble.
2. Вираження поняття мало: few/little У значенні мало квантитативне слово few вживається перед злічуваними іменниками у множині, little - перед незлічуваними іменниками:
♦ few = мало	І have few friends here.
- little = мало	There is little coffee in the cup.
NB! У розмовному мовленні not many/ not much є більш уживаними ніж few /little	She had few/not many suitcases with her. It was 3 a.m., so there was little/not much traffic.
3. Вираження поняття декілька /небагато /трохи: a few/a little few / little у сполученні з неозначеним артиклем а утворюють стійкі словосполучення із значенням a few + злічуваний іменник = декілька, a little+ незлічуваний іменник = небагато
A few	I need a few days.
A little	We’ve still got a little time left.