- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of gr. Main units and types of relations between gr. Units in language and speech
- •2.Main gr notions.Gr mng and gr.Form. Gr categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The verb. The category of tense.
- •13. The category of aspect.( vid)
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •17. Phrase. Principles of classification.
- •18. Phrase , Types of relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.Parataxis
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.Hypotaxis
- •24. Syntactical structure of the cl( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •25. Structural models of sent analysis. Distributional model. Ic-mode
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
Sent-immediate integral unit of speech built according to a def synt pattern & distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. Based on 2 principles: 1)Communicative (declarative, interrogat, imperative, exclametary) 2)Structural 1.number of predication lines(1 → simple S, 2 or more → composite S), 2.the completeness of the predication line(only 2-member S can be discussed here: complete & incomplete (elliptical)), 3.the ways of its expression(1-member(nominal, adjective, adverbial, verbal) & 2-member S.), 4.in case of multiple predication – all the types of relations between the clauses( 1.equal -> coordination -> compound S (parataxis) 2.unequal -> subordination -> complex S (hypotaxis).
Incomplete (elliptical) 2-member S is built on the model of a 2-member S in which 1 or both principal parts are missing (in conversations, newspaper headlines, ads, stage directions).
One-member Ss are those the predication line of which comprises only 1 principal part which can’t be identified as a subject or a predicate. they are not context-dependent. Mainly used to describe emotions, subjective perception of reality.
22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.Parataxis
The compound sentence consists of two or more clauses of equal rank which form one syntactical whole in meaning and intonation. Coordinate cls may be linked syndetically, asyndetically.Sem relations: 1.Copulative coordination implies that two events or ideas conveyed by coordinate clauses are merely joined in time and place.(and, nor, neither ... nor, not only ...then, besides, again
2. Adversative coordination joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction
or contrast. (the conj but, while, whereas, the conj adv yet, still, nevertheless the conjunctive particle only).
3. Disjunctive connection denotes choice, usually between two mutually exclusive alternatives. (or, either ... or, the conj adv else, otherwise):
4. Causative-consecutive coordination joins clauses connected in such a way that one of them contains a reason and the other ― a consequence. The second clause may contain either the reason or the result of the event conveyed by theprevious clause. (for.The days became longer, for it was now springtime.)
23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.Hypotaxis
Complex sent consists of 2 or more clauses the rel bw which are dominational.
Complex Ss are often classified according to the type of sub cls. 2 approaches: 1)on categorical principal (on analogy with class of ws: noun cl, adjective cl) 2)functional principal (the position of what member of the S the cl fills: except predicate).
To characterize the complex S as a complex & to work out the classif of the structural patterns of complex Ss the following criteria are taken into consideration: 1)the structural completeness of the main part; 2)the means of connection & the way the parts are linked; 3)The relative importance of the main & the sub cl.=>Types (structural patterns:1.Inclusive type. The sub cl performs the function of a missing part in the main cl & is included into the structure of the main cl. The main clause is incomplete without the sub.The position of the sub cl results from its function.: What I want to know is why he didn’t come.
2. Ss with pronominal correlation. conj opening the sub cl is correlated with some pronominal element (a pronoun or an adv) in the main cl. The meaning & the function of the sub cl depends on the function of the correlative word. The connection is very tight. sub cl in post-position (sometimes in inter-position), but never precedes the main cl: It was just that which impressed me most.
3. Ss with complement or appositive connection. In this type the main clause contains a word devoid of meaning like ‘it’ or with a very general meaning (question, problem). The sub cl disclose its meaning. The word itselfis just an anticipatory element. The sub cl is often joined asyndetically. It can never be in preposition: She has a strange feeling as if smth has happened.
4. Ss with optional sub clause (adv cl of result, concession, cond).
5. Ss with mutual dependent cls: proportional agreement or comparison: The more I read the more I know.with patterns expressing temporal rel: Hardly had I entered the room the bell rang.