18. Phrase , Types of relations between its constituents.

Ph is a SYNTAGMATIC GROUPING OF 2 OR MORE WORDS It’s important to distinguish free word combinations (phs) &anal forms of a word. There are 2 elements in an anal form. The aux usu carries the GM. The notional part carries the LM of the whole form. Moreover, they perform 1 syntactic function in a S. Like a word, a Ph is a naming unit, but it performs the naming function in a different way. The naming function of the Ph distinguishes it from the S the main function of which is communicative.

equal-coordination. not equal-subordination(government (the use of certain form of subordinate word required by its head word but not coinciding with the form of the head word. Only case in ENG – personal pronouns // invite him), agreement, apposition)

Interdependence- a reciprocal dominational relation within the N+V group.

Means of expressing synt rel: word order, prepositions, conj, case inflection-‘s , morphol expression of the components.

agreement – method of expressing a synthectical relationship which consist in making the subordinate word take a similar form of the head word // this book, those books as to the problem of agreement of the verb with the noun and pronoun denoting the subject of the action // a child plays, children play – usually treated on the sentence level

adjoinment( primikanie) – the connection between these words is preserved owning to the grammatical and semantic compatibility of the adv. Only verb + adv

enclosure (zamikanie)– some element of a phrase is enclosed between 2 parts of another element

connection- (typically English) by meand of formal words : cold but clear ( with the preposition)

19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.

Sent-immediate integral unit of speech built according to a def synt pattern & distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. largest unit of lang, smallest unit of speech.

The most essential feat of the sent as a linguistic unit are a) its structural characteristics – subject-predicate relations (primary predication) b) its semantic characteristics – it refers to some fact in the objective reality.

2 func: naming, communicat.

3 main aspects of sent: synt(pre-func- ws/w gr; func-parts of sentence), sematic(reflection of a certain sit, prosses, doer, obj, circum, condit), logico-communicative(2 parts the topic, the inform).

20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.

Compare the following structures: (1)The doctor’s arrival; (2)The doctor arrived=>they name the same event, but (1)is not correlated with the situation of speech,doesn’t convey information about the reality or the time of the event; (2)is correlated with the situation of speech & shows that the event took place in the past.

The correlation of the thought expressed in the sentence with the situation of speech is called predicativity→has 3 components: modality, time, person expressed by the categories of mood, tense & person. The predicativity is expressed by the subject-predicate group(predication) & is also expressed by intonation.

primary & secondary predication: I heard someone singing. ‘Someone singing’-the secondary predication,as it resembles the subject-predicate group,or the primary predication, structurally & semantically: it consists of 2 main components (nominal&verbal) & names the event or situation. But it cannot be correlated with reality directly as verbals have no categ. of mood, tense, person. The secondary predication is related to the situation of speech indirectly, through the primary predicationsand it cannot constitute an independent unit of communication.