13. The category of aspect.( vid)

I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)

Aspect denote the manner or way in which the action is experienced or regarded: as a mere fact or as taken in progress. Aspect is a major category denoting the character of the action. ( continuous\ not contin. common/cont) tense& aspect- diff cat revealed in diff oppositions( comes-came; comes- is coming). Inf has the cat of aspect.

Aspect denotes the manner,but not the time. the category of aspect is very closely connected with the lexical meaning of the verb. Dynamic <->stative (perception, cognition: know, like, see)Durative=> Terminatice(limitive) V -action implying a certain limit(close, break) Durative(unlimitive) don’t imply any such limit(walk, read)

14.The Category of voice.

I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)

The verbal category of voice shows the direction of an action as viewed by the speaker. .Act V-action issuing from the Subj. Pass V- action directed towards its object. In pass constr the gr subj is the object of the act.

absence of direct correspondence btw meaning & form =>problem of number of voices. Middle voice.mng passive, form active; no opposition in form=> no gr category. The door opened It differs from the act v in meaning and syntactical construction. Reflexive voice: He hurt himself. Meaning – the action is concentrated on one and the same person. Form – verb + reflexive pronoun. But reflexive pronouns can be omitted and the meaning of reflexivity remains: He shaved and dressed. Prof. Ilyish: He hurt himself and the child. Besides: He makes toys – He makes mistakes. And

15. The caegory of mood.

I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)

Cat of M denotes modality(relation of the contents of the utt to reality as viewed by the speaker).Means of expr modality: phonetic, lexical(mod v), grammatical(mood).

imperative: let us let him do it. but! don’t let us...

Diversiry of moods. causes: 1) cat of mood is in state of development. 2) homonymy of forms(diff to distinguish aux & mod v ; from indicative: do-ind, subj, imper)

Principle for distinguishing forms: meaning, form, mng&form.( Ilyish 3 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaning; Prof. Smirnitsky: 6 MOODS (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, conditional) - form и meaning; L.S.Barhudarov, D.A. Shteling: 2 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive)

Subj I(he be) Supp(he should be)- problematic act, SubjII(he were), Cond(should/would be)- unreal act.

Subj have cat of aspect, order, voice, prospect, person.

not always reflexive pronouns can be omitted: He found himself in a dark room. pronoun is not lex empty(cat of gender)+ add elements Reciprocal voice: They met each other at the station. Meaning – mutuality of the action. The subject is often plural. Form – verb + reciprocal pronoun. But They met at the station.

The cup was broken-Бахударов-pv, compound nominal predicate(смирницкий). 100%Pass V when:1)doer of the act 2)modifying adverbials 3)marked forms of the V( Has been made) 4)madal verbs(can be broken) 5)corresponding act const.

get and become (He got wounded in the war. He became surprised). - the verbs get and become retain to some extent their lexical meaning; - though P is a dependent form

Passive constructions: -Direct P (The letter was written yesterday) -Indirect P (I was given a book) -Prepositional P (The doctor was sent for) -Phraseological P(Care should be taken not to confuse these words) -Adverbial P (The house has not been lived in for many years)