10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison

The adjective expresses the categorial semantics of property of a substance (either permanent or temporary). It presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes (material, colour, dimension, position, state, etc.). Form: invariable, but some form degrees of comparison( for qualitative adj.).

Derivational features: suff and pref: -ful, -less, -ish, -un, -un, -

Combinability: nouns both preceding and occasionally following them; with link-verbs (functional and notional); with modifying adverbs (very large)

Function: either an attribute or a predicative , an objective predicative (painted the door green).

two large subclasses: qualitative and relative

There are three degrees of comparison: positive (or absolute), comparative and superlative.

an analytical form: 1) The actual mng of formations like more difficult, (the) most difficult does not differ from that of the degrees of compar larger, (the) largest. 2) Qualitative adj, like diff, express properties which may be present in diff degrees, and therefore they are bound to have degrees of comparison.

a free phrase: 1) The words more and most have the same mng in these phrases as in other phrases in which they may appear, e.g. more time, most people, etc. 2) there are also the phrases less difficult, (the) least difficult, and there seems to be no sufficient reason for treating the two sets of phrases in diff ways, saying that more difficult is an analytical form, while less difficult is not. Besides, the very fact that more and less, (the) most and (the) least can equally well combine with difficult, would seem to show that they are free phrases and none of them is an analytical form

There are 3 ways of forming the comparative and the superlative degrees: synthetic, analytical and suppletive. Synthetic: suffix –er to the comparative degree and the suffix -est to the superl degr.

Analytical: comp word more, the superlative ― most:

Suppletive (Irregular):good ― better ― best

be substantivized -become nouns by conversion (zero-derivation) => adjs acquire some morphological charact of N: sg or pl,used with or without an art & other determiners

Adjectivization of nouns -N becoming adj. A N may stand before another N & modify it: stone wall, speech sound.

11. The verb. The category of tense.

I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)

The gr category denoting time is called tense.it reflects the objective category of time and expresses the relation between the time of the action and the time of the utterance.

time denoted absolutely(with regard to the moment of speaking) & relatively(-// to a certain moment) In most langs:future,past,present tense.(Russian).

Future tense. It’s analytical form ( will do). This form developed from the modal form and doesn’t cover modal verbs and it’s homonemous with modal verbs . ( will \shall). According English scolars, it is not analytical form, it’s modal verb. I will have to go back to the hotel.

Time in English expressed by 3 categories : -absolute category of tense (present\past) -relative category of posteriority ,which denotes absolute post(will come) & relative (would come) -the category order( denotes prior action is marked by perfect form have\has\had) –the cat of aspect

12. The category of order \ correlation.

I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)

In English there’re special forms for expressing relative priority-perfect forms→express 1)time(actions preceding a certain moment);2)the way the action is shown to proceed(the connection of the action with the indicated moment in its results or consequences).So the mng of the perfect forms is constituted by 2 semantic components:temporal(priority) & aspective (result,current relevance)=>perf forms have been treated as tense-forms or aspect-forms.

oppositions: comes-has come, is coming-has been coming. These oppositions reveal the cat of order(correlation, retrospect, taxis). Tense &order are closely connected but they’re different categories, revealed through different oppositions: comes-came, comes-has come.

The fact that verbals have the category of order(to come-to have come, coming-having come)& have no category of tense also shows the difference of these categories. The mng of perfect forms may be influenced by the lexical mng of the verb(limitive/unlimitive), tense-form, context & other factors.