- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of gr. Main units and types of relations between gr. Units in language and speech
- •2.Main gr notions.Gr mng and gr.Form. Gr categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The verb. The category of tense.
- •13. The category of aspect.( vid)
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •17. Phrase. Principles of classification.
- •18. Phrase , Types of relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.Parataxis
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.Hypotaxis
- •24. Syntactical structure of the cl( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •25. Structural models of sent analysis. Distributional model. Ic-mode
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
1.Morphology and syntax as parts of gr. Main units and types of relations between gr. Units in language and speech
Units of gr: morpheme, word, w group, sentence, suprapharsel unities. Every unit stays in relations with other units of the same level. Synt-linear rel, in speech. Paradigm- rel outside the lines, in lang.
Funct word- a unit of lang both gr & lexical, sem & struct unity, ready-made u, naming u=> nominative func. Sentence u of lang & u of speech, not a ready-made u, naming & communicative u => nominative& communicative func.
Grammar is devided into:-morphology -syntax
Morphology studies paradigmatic rel of ws (structure, forms, classific of ws) Syntax studies syntagmatic rel of ws & paradmatic& synt rel of sent(structure, forms, classific of sents)
Paradigmatic syntax-diff forms of sents(- ? !) Syntagmatic morphology –linear connection of ws
The basic units are:morphemes and words.
A paradigm-is a set of unit related to each other by association with some distinctive features.:
teachers learns writes speaks
grammeme-is a paradigme based on the sameness of grammar forms. Lexeme
2.Main gr notions.Gr mng and gr.Form. Gr categories. Method of opposition.
Gr mng.- plane of content. It is general, abstract, indirect(connected with objective reality through the lexical mng), obligatory, relative(it is revealed in relations of w forms: speak-speaks)
Gr form- plane of expression- wide sence: all means of expressing gr mngs.; narrow s- denote means of exp a particular gr mng.
In En no direct correspondence btw gr mng & gr form=> 1.2 or more units of the plane of expression may correspond to 1 unit of plane of content(allomorphs)-boys-children. 2. 2 or more units of the plane of content -//-1 unit of plane expression (polysemy, homonymy) –s: boy’s, dogs, asks.
A gr category - is a generalized gram mg revealed through formal & meaningful opposition of variants of 1 & same unit.
The features of gram category: 1.is represented by 2 gramm form( at least) 2.one word can represent diff gram categories: boy’s (number and case) 3.one word form can express only one gram mg of the same category 4.one particular gram mg can not be expressed in all forms of the word
asked- past tense, non-cont aspect, non-perfect order, active voice.
Gr categories are revealed on the basis on the method of oppositions. Types of opp: 1) acc to the number of members( binary, ternary, quaternary) 2)-//- quality: privative (strong memb(special marker)<-> weak- dog-dogs); equipollent-both membs strong & marked(am-is); gradual- degrees of comparison.
Oppositional reduction: 1.neutralisation- the weak memb acquires the mng of the strong one(Tonight we start for London) 2)Transposition-the strong memb is used in the context typical for the weak memb(She is always complaining of smth)
3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
The main task of morphology is the study of the structure of ws. The smallest meaningful unit of gr-morpheme. Free m-can occur as separate ws <-> bound. Monomorphemic <-> polymorphemic w.
Morph: lexical(roots), lexico-gramm(w-build affixes) & gr(form-building aff).
Positional variants of morpheme- allomorphs( cats, dogs, foses, oxen.)
3types of morphemic distribution: contrastive(position same< mng –diff: charming-charmed), non-contrastive (position&mng-same: learned-learnt), complementary( posit-diff, mng-same: asks-theaches)
Zero morpheme-mengful absence of m(book-books)
Semi-bound m-word m(funct of the m performed by a separate w : will work)
Means of form- b & gram f are divided: 1)synthetical (bound m: inflextions, sound interchange, suppletivity) 2)analytical 1.2 parts(w-operator& notional p) 2.anal f develop gr idiomaticity – is writing 3. within a cat anal f should be opposed to synth ones(is writing-writes) 4. funct as 1 memb in the sent 5. aux are lexically empty 5. lex mng is understood from the npotional part 6. aux change grammatically.