1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. Where are metals deposited for the most part?

   2. What is sulphide?

   3. What form can metals be found in?

   4. What is oxide?

   5. Where do oxides formation and sulphides formation usually take place?

   6. How else can oxides be produced?

   7. What is hematite?

   8. Where are hematite and magnetite usually found?

   9. Where are oxides of iron and oxides of iron and chromium accumulated?

   10. What can you tell about the oxide orebodies?

   11. What is a chemical affinity?

   12. Which metals are closely associated?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения с вводными оборотами, принадлежащими к научному стилю речи. Выучите эти обороты. Составьте свои примеры с ними.

4. Расскажите о взаимоотношениях и взаимосвязях следующих металлов:

1. lead and silver

2. lead, zinc and iron

3. copper and iron

4. lead and barium

5. tin and tourmaline, fluorite, topaz, lithia, mica, wolfram

6. gold and iron pyrites

5. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов:

более глубокие области в такой степени сжатые растворы охлаждающиеся массы редко сочетаемые во время выветривания тесно связанные схожие по химическому составу в больших концентрациях гидротермальные жилы

closely associated hydrothermal veins chemical affinities to such an extent highly concentrated compressed solutions cooling masses frequently related deeper regions during weathering

6. Расскажите о минералах, их структуре и составе, а также основных свойствах.

UNIT 3

TEXT 3.1.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

aggregate ['xgrIgqt] - набор, комплект, совокупность, множество

crust [krAst] - земная кора; поверхностные отложения

consolidated [kqn'sOlI‚deItId] - сцементированный (о породе)

unconsolidated [Ankqn'sOlI‚deItId] - неуплотнённый; рыхлый

granite ['grxnIt] - гранит

debris ['debrJ] - обломки пород; наносная порода, покрывающая месторождение; пустая порода

bedrock ['bed‚rOk] - коренная порода; подстилающая порода

igneous ['IgnIqs] - изверженный, магматический

sedimentary ['sedImqntqrI] – осадочный

limestone ['laIm‚stqun] - известняк

layering ['leIqrIN] - слоистость

metamorphic [‚metq'mLfIk] - метаморфический

band [bxnd] - прослоек (породы)

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

distribution [‚dIstrI'bjHSn] - распределение; распространение

destroy [dI'strOI] - разрушать, сносить; стирать с лица земли

lift up [‚lIft'Ap] - поднимать

depress [dI'pres] - понижать, снижать

common ['kOmqn] - общий, всеобщий

boulder ['bquldq] - галька, голыши

stream [strJm] - поток, река, ручей

cliff [klIf] - отвесная скала на берегу моря; крутой склон, откос

magma ['mxgmq] - магма

firm [fE:m] - крепкий, прочный, твёрдый

ridge [rIG] - гребень горы; горный хребет; горная цепь; водораздел

pressure ['preSq] - давление

be exposed [Ik'spquzd] - обнажаться, выходить на поверхность

beneath [bI'nLT] - ниже; под

loose [lHs]- рыхлый; сыпучий

solidification [sq‚lIdIfI'keISn] - застывание, отвердевание, затвердевание

emplace [Im'pleIs] - помещать в какое-то место или положение

emanate ['emq‚neIt] - испускать, излучать

cool [kHl] down [daun] - охлаждаться, остывать

harden ['hRdn] - становиться твердым; застывать

erosion [I'rquZn] - эрозия, разрушение; выветривание

wear [weq] away [q'weI] - изнашиваться

strip [strIp] away - снимать верхний слой, оголять

accumulation [q‚kjHmju'leISn] - накопление; месторождение

consolidation [kqn‚sOlI'deISn] - застывание, отвердевание, уплотнение

particle ['pRtIkl] - частица; крупица

breakdown ['breIk‚daun] - разрушение; распад

transport [trxn'spLt] - перевозить; перемещать, переносить

arrangement [q'reInGmqnt] - размещение, расположение, устройство

location [luq'keISn] - расположение

denote [dI'nqut] - значить, означать

signify ['sIgnI‚faI] - значить, означать, обозначать

be involved [In'vOlvd] - быть вовлеченным

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

The Three Rock Families

Geology is based on the study of rocks. Rocks are any aggregate of minerals that makes up part of the earth’s crust. They can be consolidated or unconsolidated. Consolidated rocks are the ones that are formed into a solid mass or united, for example, granite, limestone, or coal. Sand, clay, and mud are the examples of unconsolidated rocks. Geologists search for answers to such questions as their composition and distribution, how they are formed and how they are destroyed, why they are lifted up into continental masses and depressed into ocean basins.

Rock is the most common of all materials on earth. It is well-known to everyone. We see it in the form of the gravel in a road, the boulders in a stream, and the cliffs along a ridge. And it is a common knowledge that firm bedrock is exposed at the earth’s surface or lies beneath a thin cover of soil or loose debris. Bedrock is the solid rock under the ground that supports the soil above it.

On the basis of experimental observations geologists have divided the earth’s rocks into three main groups, based on the rocks origin mode. These three types are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Igneous rocks take their name from the Latin ‘ignis’ which means ‘fire’. Igneous means derived by solidification of magma or molten lava emplaced on or below the earth’s surface. That means these fire-formed rocks were once a hot, molten, liquid-like magma mass which cooled into hard rock. Thus the lava emanating across the earth’s surface from an erupting volcano soon cools down and hardens to form an igneous rock. But there are other igneous rocks which are exposed at the earth’s surface now that in point of fact cooled some distance beneath the earth. We see such rocks today only because the erosion, that is, the wearing away of rocks and other deposits on the earth’s surface by the action of water, ice, wind, etc, has stripped away the rocks that covered igneous rocks during their formation.

Sedimentary means formed by the accumulation and consolidation of mineral and organic fragments that have been deposited by water, ice or wind. Most sedimentary rocks are made up of particles derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks. Generally these particles are transported by water, wind or ice to their new locations where they are deposited in new arrangements. One of the most characteristic features of sedimentary rocks is the layering of the deposits that make them up. Layering stands for the banded appearance of certain igneous and metamorphic rocks, each band being of a different mineral composition.

Metamorphic rocks compose the third large family of rocks. Metamorphic, denoting altered considerably from their original structure and mineralogy by pressure and heat, signifies that the original rock has been changed from its primary form to a new form. Earth pressure, heat and chemically active fluids beneath the surface may be involved in changing an originally sedimentary rock into a new metamorphic rock.

Комментарии к тексту:

solid ['sOlId] mass [mxs] - массив

continental [‚kOntI'nentl] masses - земля, суша

ocean ['quSn] basin ['beIsn] - океанский бассейн

a thin cover ['kAvq] of soil [sOIl] - тонкий покров почвы

on the basis ['beIsIs] of - исходя из, на основе

experimental [Ik‚sperI'mentl] observation [‚Obzq'veISn] - экспериментальное исследование или наблюдение

molten ['mqultqn] lava ['lRvq] - расплавленная лава

liquid-like ['lIkwId'laIk] - подобная жидкости, аморфная

hard [hRd] rock - крепкая порода, скальная порода

erupting [I'rAptIN] volcano [vOl'keInqu] - извергающийся вулкан

organic [L'gxnIk] fragment ['frxgmqnt] - органический осколок, часть

in point [pOInt] of fact - фактически, на самом деле, в действительности

pre-existing [‚prJIg'zIstIN] rocks - горные породы, существовавшие до

characteristic [‚kxrIktq'rIstIk] feature ['fJCq] - отличительная черта

altered ['Lltqd] considerably [kqn'sIdqrqblI] - значительно измененный

primary ['praImqrI] form - начальная форма

chemically ['kemIklI] active ['xktIv] fluid ['flHId] - химически активная жидкость

READING COMPREHENSION