Содержание

Предисловие

3

Introduction

5

Part 1. The Fundamentals of Geology

6

Unit 1

Text 1.1.Geology

Text 1.2.The Role of Geology

6

11

Unit 2

Text 2.1. Mineral Composition and Structure

Text 2.2. The Properties of Minerals

Text 2.3. Colour, Luster, Transparency and Cleavage

Text 2.4.Minerals Useful to People

Text 2.5. Ore Minerals

16

23

30

35

39

Unit 3

Text 3.1. The Three Rock Families

Text 3.2. Classification of Rocks

44

50

Unit 4

Text 4.1. The Sedimentary Rocks

Text 4.2. The Formation of Sediments

Text 4.3. Transformation of Sediments to Hard Rocks

Text 4.4. The Rock Cycle

56

63

66

71

Unit 5

Text 5.1. The Igneous Rocks

Text 5.2. Metal Content of Igneous Rocks

76

83

Unit 6

Text 6.1. Igneous Activity

Text 6.2. Volcanoes

Text 6.3. Volcanic Activity

Text 6.4. Volcanic Gases

87

92

100

102

Unit 7

Text 7.1. The Metamorphic Rocks

Text 7.2. Examples of Metamorphism

106

108

Unit 8

Text 8.1. The Origin of Coal

Text 8.2. Coal Deposition Periods

111

117

Unit 9

Text 9.1. Sources of Energy

Text 9.2. Fossil Fuels

123

132

Unit 10

Text 10.1. The Search for Minerals

Text 10.2. Aerial Photography

Text 10.3. Alterations in the Earth’s Crust

136

142

145

Unit 11

Text 11. My Major

148

Part 2. Tasks for Independent Study

153

Приложение 1 Разговорные формулы, предназначенные для ведения беседы, дискуссии

168

Приложение 2 Рекомендации по аннотированию и реферированию

172

Глоссарий

176

Список использованных источников

188