Рекомендации по аннотированию и реферированию

Аннотация – краткая характеристика текста, книги, статьи, рукописи, раскрывающая ее содержание, назначение и т.п. в плане их содержания, назначения, ценности и пр. Слово аннотация произошло от голландского Annotatie или немецкого Annotation (annotatio ‘примечание’, ‘пометка’).

Аннотация может быть описательной или рекомендательной, общей или специализированной. Аннотация помогает читателю ориентироваться в выборе печатных материалов.

1. Аннотация пишется своими словами, просто и кратко. Следует избегать сложных конструкций и предложений.

2. Изложение аннотируемой части рекомендуется начинать с существа вопроса, избегая повторения заголовка. Не следует вводить аннотируемую часть дополнительными фразами типа: “Целью данного текста является …”, “В данном тексте автор рассматривает…”, “По мнению автора, …”. Дня обобщения информации рекомендуется использовать следующие слова: предлагается, описывается, излагается, сообщается, и т.п.

3. Рекомендуется названия фирм, исследовательских центров, институтов, компаний давать в их оригинальном написании.

4. Следует использовать аббревиатуры и различные сокращения в соответствии с общепринятыми в справочной литературе.

5. Объем аннотации обычно не превышает 600 печатных знаков.

Реферат – краткое изложение содержания научной работы, статьи с основными фактическими данными, выводами и рекомендациями.

1. Реферат строится на основе ключевых фрагментов, выделенных из текста подлинника.

2. Реферат должен быть написан литературным языком с соблюдением сокращений широко употребляемых слов, обозначений и единиц физических величин.

3. В реферате должна быть использована научная терминология, принятая в научной литературе по той или иной отрасли науки и техники.

4. Реферат должен объективно и точно отражать содержание первоисточника; нельзя вносить какие-либо изменения или дополнения по существу реферируемой работы; нельзя излагать собственную точку зрения или критические замечания, вступать в полемику с автором,

5. Начало реферата не должно повторять заглавие работы. Не следует прибегать к неясным формулировкам, а также к различного рода повторениям.

6. Текст реферата рекомендуется делить на абзацы.

7. Главная мысль в реферате должна быть конкретизирована и выделена.

Список выражений, рекомендуемых для написания аннотации

The text describes in short The text is designed for … …is introduced … is examined … is analyzed It is shown that … … is given The text deals with … … is formulated The need to … is emphasized Attention is drawn to … Data about … are given The text analyses … Conclusion is drawn that … In conclusion …

В тексте кратко описывается … Текст предназначен для … … вводится … исследуется … анализируется Показано, что … … дается В тексте рассматривается … … формулируется Необходимость … подчеркивается Внимание привлечено к … Данные о … приводятся В тексте анализируется … Делается вывод о том, что … В заключение …

Список выражений, рекомендуемых для написания реферата

The title of the text is … The head-line of the article is … The author of the text is … The article is written by … The article was published in … The main idea of the text is … The article touches upon … The article is about… The text is devoted to … The article deals with … The article presents some results which … The article compares … The text aim is to provide the reader with some material (data) on… The author starts by telling the readers (about, that)… The author writes (states, thinks, stresses, points out) that … The article describes… According to the text … Further the author reports (says) that… The article goes on to say that… The article is divided into 3 (4-6) parts The first part is about… The second part deals with … The third part includes the facts on … The fourth part of the article touches upon … In conclusion the article says … The author comes to the conclusion that… I found the article (text) interesting (important, dull, of no value, easy, too hard to understand …

Название текста … Заголовок статьи … Автор текста - … Автор статьи …. Статья была опубликована в … Основная идея текста - … В статье рассматривается … Статья о … Текст посвящен … В тексте рассматривается … В статье представлены некоторые результаты, которые … В статье сравниваются … Цель текста – обеспечить читателя материалом (данными) по … Автор начинает с того, то сообщает читателям, что … Автор пишет (утверждает, думает, выделяет, указывает), что … В статье описывается … Согласно тексту … Далее автор сообщает (говорит), что … Далее в статье говорится, что … Статья разделена на 3 (4 – 6) частей Первая часть – о … Во 2ой части рассматривается … В третьей части имеются факты о … Четвертая часть касается … В заключение в статье говорится … Автор приходит к заключению, что … Я считаю, что текст интересный (важный, скучный, не имеющий ценности, легкий, слишком сложный для понимания)

GLOSSARY

• Aluminium – a light malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that resists corrosion; the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust (8.1 per cent), occurring only as a compound, principally in bauxite. It is used, especially in the form of its alloys, in aircraft parts, kitchen utensils, etc. Symbol: Al; atomic no.: 13; atomic wt.: 26.9815; valency: 3; relative density: 2.699; melting pt.: 660.45°C; boiling pt.: 2520°C

• Anticline – a formation of stratified rock raised up, by folding, into a broad arch so that the strata slope down on both sides from a common crest

• Anthracite – a hard jet-black coal that burns slowly with a nonluminous flame giving out intense heat. Fixed carbon content: 86-98 per cent; calorific value: 3.14 × 107-3.63 × 107 J/kg

• Arkose – a sandstone consisting of grains of feldspar and quartz cemented by a mixture of quartz and clay minerals

• Bed – a layer of rock, especially sedimentary rock

• Bedrock – the solid unweathered rock that lies beneath the loose surface deposits of soil, alluvium, etc

• Bituminous coal – a soft black coal, rich in volatile hydrocarbons, that burns with a smoky yellow flame. Fixed carbon content: 46-86 per cent; calorific value: 1.93 × 107 – 3.63 × 107 J/kg

• Breccia – a rock consisting of angular fragments embedded in a finer matrix, formed by erosion, impact, volcanic activity, etc

• Calcareous – of, containing, or resembling calcium carbonate; chalky

• Calcite – a colourless or white mineral (occasionally tinged with impurities), found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, in veins, in limestone, and in stalagmites and stalactites. It is used in the manufacture of cement, plaster, paint, glass, and fertilizer. Composition: calcium carbonate. Formula: CaCO3. Crystal structure: hexagonal (rhombohedral)

• Calcium carbonate – a white crystalline salt occurring in limestone, chalk, marble, calcite, coral, and pearl: used in the production of lime and cement. Formula: CaCO3

• Carbonaceous – of, resembling, or containing carbon

• Charcoal – a black amorphous form of carbon made by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air: used as a fuel, in smelting metal ores, in explosives, and as an absorbent

• Clay – a very fine-grained material that consists of hydrated aluminium silicate, quartz, and organic fragments and occurs as sedimentary rocks, soils, and other deposits. It becomes plastic when moist but hardens on heating and is used in the manufacture of bricks, cement, ceramics, etc

• Cleavage – the natural splitting of certain rocks, or minerals such as slates, or micas along the planes of weakness

• Coal – a combustible compact black or dark-brown carbonaceous rock formed from compaction of layers of partially decomposed vegetation: a fuel and a source of coke, coal gas, and coal tar

• Conglomerate – any coarse-grained sedimentary rock consisting of rounded fragments of rock embedded in a finer matrix

• Crust – the solid outer shell of the earth, with an average thickness of 30-35 km in continental regions and 5 km beneath the oceans, forming the upper part of the lithosphere and lying immediately above the mantle, from which it is separated by the Mohorovičić discontinuity

• Crystal – a piece of solid substance, such as quartz, with a regular shape in which plane faces intersect at definite angles, due to the regular internal structure of its atoms, ions, or molecules

• Debris – a collection of loose material derived from rocks, or an accumulation of animal or vegetable matter

• Deposit – an accumulation of sediments, mineral ores, coal, etc

• Dip – (of a rock stratum or mineral vein) to slope downwards from the horizontal

• Dolomite – a white mineral often tinted by impurities, found in sedimentary rocks and veins. It is used in the manufacture of cement and as a building stone (marble). Composition: calcium magnesium carbonate. Formula: CaMg(CO3)2. Crystal structure: hexagonal (rhombohedral)

• Dyke or dike – a vertical or near-vertical wall-like body of igneous rock intruded into cracks in older rock

• Extrusive – (of igneous rocks) formed from magma issuing from volcanoes or cracks in the earth’s crust; volcanic

• Crystallography – the science concerned with the formation, properties, and structure of crystals

• Fault – geology a fracture in the earth’s crust resulting in the relative displacement and loss of continuity of the rocks on either side of it

• Feldspar or felspar – any of a group of hard rock-forming minerals consisting of aluminium silicates of potassium, sodium, calcium, or barium: the principal constituents of igneous rocks. The group includes orthoclase, microcline, and the plagioclase minerals

• Fissure – any long narrow cleft or crack, especially in a rock

• Flint – an impure opaque microcrystalline 183vapora-black form of quartz that occurs in chalk. It produces sparks when struck with steel and is used in the manufacture of pottery, flint glass, and road-construction materials. Formula: SiO2

• Fossil – a relic, remnant, or representation of an organism that existed in a past geological age, or of the activity of such an organism, occurring in the form of mineralized bones, shells, etc., as casts, impressions, and moulds, and as frozen perfectly preserved organisms

• Fossil fuel – any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas, formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms

• Fracture – 1) the characteristic appearance of the surface of a freshly broken mineral or rock 2) the way in which a mineral or rock naturally breaks

• Garnet – any of a group of hard glassy red, yellow, or green minerals consisting of the silicates of calcium, iron, manganese, chromium, magnesium, and aluminium in cubic crystalline form: used as a gemstone and abrasive. Formula: A3B2(SiO4)3 where A is a divalent metal and B is a trivalent metal

• Geode – a cavity, usually lined with crystals, within a rock mass or nodule

• Geodesy – the branch of science concerned with determining the exact position of geographical points and the shape and size of the earth

• Geology – the scientific study of the origin, history, structure, and composition of the earth

• Geomorphology – the branch of geology that is concerned with the structure, origin, and development of the topographical features of the earth’s surface

• Gold – a dense inert bright yellow element that is the most malleable and ductile metal, occurring in rocks and alluvial deposits: used as a monetary standard and in jewellery, dentistry, and plating. The radioisotope gold-198 (radiogold), with a half-life of 2.69 days, is used in radiotherapy. Symbol: Au; atomic no.: 79; atomic wt.: 196.96654; valency: 1 or 3; relative density: 19.3; melting pt.: 1064.43°C; boiling pt.: 2857°C

• Graphite – blackish soft allotropic form of carbon in hexagonal crystalline form: used in pencils, crucibles, and electrodes, as a lubricant, as a moderator in nuclear reactors, and, in a carbon fibre form, as a tough lightweight material for sporting equipment

• Granite – a light-coloured coarse-grained acid plutonic igneous rock consisting of quartz, feldspars, and such ferromagnesian minerals as biotite or hornblende: widely used for building

• Grit – small hard particles of sand, earth, stone, etc

• Ground water – underground water that has come mainly from the seepage of surface water and is held in pervious rocks

• Haematite or hematite – a red, grey, or black mineral, found as massive beds and in veins and igneous rocks. It is the chief source of iron. Composition: iron (ferric) oxide. Formula: Fe2O3. Crystal structure: hexagonal (rhombohedral)

• Halite – a colourless or white mineral sometimes tinted by impurities, found in beds as an 185vaporate. It is used to produce common salt and chlorine. Composition: sodium chloride. Formula: NaCl. Crystal structure: cubic

• Historical geology – the branch of geology concerned with the evolution of the earth and its life forms from its origins to the present

• Hydrogeology – the branch of geology dealing with the waters below the earth’s surface and with the geological aspects of surface waters

• Hypabyssal – (of igneous rocks) derived from magma that has solidified at shallow depth in the form of dykes, sills, etc

• Igneous – (of rocks) derived by solidification of magma or molten lava emplaced on or below the earth’s surface

• Impure – not pure; combined with something else; tainted or sullied

• Intrusion – 1) the movement of magma from within the earth’s crust into spaces in the overlying strata to form igneous rock 2) any igneous rock formed in this way

• Iron – a malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. See also steel , cast iron , wrought iron , pig iron . Symbol: Fe; atomic no.: 26; atomic wt.: 55.847; valency: 2,3,4, or 6; relative density: 7.874; melting pt.: 1538°C; boiling pt.: 2862°C

• Ironstone – any rock consisting mainly of an iron-bearing ore

• Kyanite – a grey, green, or blue mineral consisting of aluminium silicate in triclinic crystalline form. It occurs in metamorphic rocks and is used as a refractory. Formula AL2SiO5

• Layering – the banded appearance of certain igneous and metamorphic rocks, each band being of a different mineral composition

• Lignite – a brown carbonaceous sedimentary rock with woody texture that consists of accumulated layers of partially decomposed vegetation: used as a fuel. Fixed carbon content: 46-60 per cent; calorific value: 1.28 × 107 to 1.93 × 107 J/kg (5500 to 8300 Btu/lb)

• Limestone – a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium carbonate, deposited as the calcareous remains of marine animals or chemically precipitated from the sea: used as a building stone and in the manufacture of cement, lime, etc

• Magnesium – a light silvery-white metallic element of the alkaline earth series that burns with an intense white flame, occurring principally in magnesite, dolomite, and carnallite: used in light structural alloys, flashbulbs, flares, and fireworks. Symbol: Mg; atomic no.: 12; atomic wt.: 24.3050; valency: 2; relative density: 1.738; melting pt.: 650°C; boiling pt.: 1090°C

• Magnetite – a black magnetic mineral, found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and as a separate deposit. It is a source of iron. Composition: iron oxide. Formula: Fe3O4. Crystal structure: cubic

• Manganese – a brittle greyish-white metallic element that exists in four allotropic forms, occurring principally in pyrolusite and rhodonite: used in making steel and ferromagnetic alloys. Symbol: Mn; atomic no.: 25; atomic wt.: 54.93805; valency: 1, 2 ,3, 4, 6, or 7; relative density: 7.21-7.44; melting pt.: 1246±3°C; boiling pt.: 2062°C

• Marble – a hard crystalline metamorphic rock resulting from the recrystallization of a limestone: takes a high polish and is used for building and sculpture

• Metamorphic or metamorphous – 1) relating to or resulting from metamorphosis or metamorphism 2) (of rocks) altered considerably from their original structure and mineralogy by pressure and heat

• Mineralogy – the branch of geology concerned with the study of minerals

• Mine – a system of excavations made for the extraction of minerals, especially coal, ores, or precious stones

• Metamorphic – (of rocks) altered considerably from their original structure and mineralogy by pressure and heat

• Mica – any of a group of lustrous rock-forming minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminium, potassium, etc., in monoclinic crystalline form, occurring in igneous and metamorphic rock. Because of their resistance to electricity and heat they are used as dielectrics, in heating elements, etc

• Muscovite – a pale brown, or green, or colourless mineral of the mica group, found in plutonic rocks such as granite and in sedimentary rocks. It is used in the manufacture of lubricants, insulators, paints, and Christmas “snow”. Composition: potassium aluminium silicate. Formula: Kal2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2. Crystal structure: monoclinic

• Ophitic – (of the texture of rocks such as dolerite) having small elongated unorientated feldspar crystals enclosed within pyroxene grains

• Ore – any naturally occurring mineral or aggregate of minerals from which economically important constituents, especially metals, can be extracted

• Peat – a compact brownish deposit of partially decomposed vegetable matter saturated with water: found in uplands and bogs in temperate and cold regions and used as a fuel (when dried) and as a fertilizer

• Pebble – a small smooth rounded stone, especially one worn by the action of water b) (geology) a rock fragment, often rounded, with a diameter of 4-64 mm and thus smaller than a cobble but larger than a granule

• Plutonic – (of igneous rocks) derived from magma that has cooled and solidified below the surface of the earth

• Pporphyritic – (of rocks) having large crystals in a fine groundmass of minerals

• Prospect – a known or likely deposit of ore; the location of a deposit of ore; a sample of ore for testing; the yield of mineral obtained from a sample of ore

• Prospect – to explore (a region) for gold or other valuable minerals

• Pyrite – a yellow mineral, found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and in veins. It is a source of sulphur and is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Composition: iron sulphide. Formula: FeS2. Crystal structure: cubic

• Quarry – an open surface excavation for the extraction of building stone, slate, marble, etc., by drilling, blasting, or cutting

• Quartz – a colourless mineral often tinted by impurities, found in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It is used in the manufacture of glass, abrasives, and cement, and also as a gemstone; the violet-purple variety is amethyst, the brown variety is cairngorm, the yellow variety is citrine, and the pink variety is rose quartz. Composition: silicon dioxide. Formula: SiO2. Crystal structure: hexagonal

• Quartzite – a very hard metamorphic rock consisting of a mosaic of intergrown quartz crystals

• Rock – any aggregate of minerals that makes up part of the earth’s crust. It may be unconsolidated, such as a sand, clay, or mud, or consolidated, such as granite, limestone, or coal

• Sandstone – any of a group of common sedimentary rocks consisting of sand grains consolidated with such materials as quartz, haematite, and clay minerals: used widely in building

• Seam – a stratum of coal, ore, etc

• Sedimentary – (of rocks) formed by the accumulation and consolidation of mineral and organic fragments that have been deposited by water, ice, or wind

• Schist – any metamorphic rock that can be split into thin layers because its micaceous minerals have become aligned in thin parallel bands

• Shale – a dark fine-grained laminated sedimentary rock formed by compression of successive layers of clay-rich sediment

• Silica – the dioxide of silicon, occurring naturally as quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite. It is a refractory insoluble material used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, and abrasives

• Silicate – a salt or ester of silicic acid, especially one of a large number of usually insoluble salts with polymeric negative ions having a structure formed of tetrahedrons of SiO4 groups linked in rings, chains, sheets, or three dimensional frameworks. Silicates constitute a large proportion of the earth’s minerals and are present in cement and glass

• Siliceous or silicious – of, relating to, or containing abundant silica

• Silicon – a brittle metalloid element that exists in two allotropic forms; occurs principally in sand, quartz, granite, feldspar, and clay. It is usually a grey crystalline solid but is also found as a brown amorphous powder. It is used in transistors, rectifiers, solar cells, and alloys. Its compounds are widely used in glass manufacture, the building industry, and in the form of silicones. Symbol: Si; atomic no.: 14; atomic wt.: 28.0855; valency: 4; relative density: 2.33; melting pt.: 1414°C; boiling pt.: 3267°C

• Sill – a flat usually horizontal mass of igneous rock, situated between two layers of older sedimentary rock, that was formed by an intrusion of magma

• Soil – the top layer of the land surface of the earth that is composed of disintegrated rock particles, humus, water, and air

• Slate – a compact fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the effects of heat and pressure on shale. It can be split into thin layers along natural cleavage planes and is used as a roofing and paving material

• Sphene – a brown, yellow, green, or grey lustrous mineral consisting of calcium titanium silicate in monoclinic crystalline form. It occurs in metamorphic and acid igneous rocks and is used as a gemstone. Formula: CaTiSiO5

• Stratum – any of the distinct layers into which sedimentary rocks are divided

• Staurolite – a brown glassy mineral consisting of iron aluminium silicate in the form of prismatic crystals: used as a gemstone. Formula: Fe2Al9Si4O11(OH)2

• Syncline – a downward fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope towards a vertical axis

• Tourmaline – any of a group of hard glassy minerals of variable colour consisting of complex borosilicates of aluminium with quantities of lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium in hexagonal crystalline form: used in optical and electrical equipment and in jewellery

• Unconformity – the contact surface between younger and older rocks representing a discontinuity in the geological record. Most commonly it represents an erosional surface

• Vein – a clearly defined mass of ore, mineral, etc., filling a fault or fracture, often with a tabular or sheetlike shape

• Vitrain – a type of coal occurring as horizontal glassy bands of a nonsoiling friable material

• Zircon – a reddish-brown, grey, green, blue, or colourless hard mineral consisting of zirconium silicate in tetragonal crystalline form with hafnium and some rare earths as impurities. It occurs principally in igneous rocks and is an important source of zirconium, zirconia, and hafnia: it is used as a gemstone and a refractory. Formula: ZrSiO4