1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. What are the leading energy sources in the present day?

   2. What is water power?

   3. What fuels are generally known as fossil fuels?

   4. What did the word “fossil” mean?

   5. What does the term “fossil” mean nowadays?

   6. Where are fossils typically found?

   7. What happens when fuels are burnt?

   8. What kinds of fossil fuels do you know?

   9. What groups are solid fuels divided into?

   10. What do you know about liquid fuels?

   11. What is petroleum?

   12. What do you know about gaseous fuels?

   13. What is natural gas?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Заполните следующую диаграмму терминами, обозначающими виды ископаемого топлива:

4. Составьте диалог между студентом и преподавателем о видах топлива. Используйте следующие фразы:

Student’s words	Teacher’s words
I’d like to know Could you tell me? Could you possibly … Could I trouble you ….	First of all What’s more As far as I know On the one hand / On the other hand More that that On the whole The main thing is / The most important thing is Don’t forget that / The trouble (problem) is In short / In a word

5. Пересскажите кратко текст. При перессказе используйте следующую лексику:

to represent energy

geological past

to be derived

evidence of past life

to be found

carbon-containing materials

to release heat

two groups

the former … the latter

to be obtained

natural gas

UNIT 10

TEXT 10.1.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

coal-field ['kqul‚fJld] - месторождение угля; угольный бассейн

boring ['bLrIN] - бурение, сверление

sinking ['sINkIN] - проходка, бурение, погружение, осадка

fault [fLlt] - разлом, сброс, сдвиг, нарушение, дислокация

sill [sIl] - почва угольного пласта

fissure ['fISq] - трещина, расщелина; излом

anticline ['xntI‚klaIn] - антиклиналь, антиклинальная складка

syncline ['sINklaIn] - синклинальная складка, синклиналь

ilmenite ['IlmI‚naIt] - ильменит, титанистый железняк

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

extent [Ik'stent] - пространство, протяжение, расстояние

belong [bI'lON] - принадлежать

previously ['prJvIqslI] - предварительно, заранее

waste [weIst] - тратить впустую

futile ['fjHtaIl] - бесполезный

survey ['sE:veI] - вести разведку

precisely [prI'saIslI] - точно

map [mxp] - картографировать, составлять карту

capable ['keIpqbl] - способный на что-либо

beforehand [bI'fLhxnd] - заранее, вперед, заблаговременно

penetrate ['penq‚treIt] - проходить (при бурении), проникать

achieve [q'CJv] - добиваться, достигать

resistivity [‚rJzI'stIvItI] - удельное сопротивление

conductivity [‚kOndAk'tIvItI] - удельная проводимость; электропроводность

magnetic [mxg'netIk] - магнитный

realm [relm] - сфера, область

permeability [‚pEmIq'bIlqtI] - проницаемость

elasticity [‚Jlx'stIsqtI] - эластичность

density ['densqtI] - плотность, удельная масса

exhibit [Ig'zIbIt] - показывать, обнаруживать

location [lqu'keISn] - местонахождение

concealed [kqn'sJld] - скрытый

seismologist [‚saIz'mOlqGIst] - сейсмолог; сейсморазведчик

velocity [vq'lOsqtI] - скорость; быстрота

inexpensive [‚InIk'spensIv] - недорогой, дешёвый

tracing ['treIsIN] - слежение; отслеживание

centre ['sentq] - сосредоточиваться

investigation [In‚vestI'geISn] - расследование, следствие

subsoil ['sAb‚sOIl] - подпочва, подстилающий слой грунта

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

The Search for Minerals

A significant role in the extent and value of coal deposits discovery and determination belongs to the geology. Previously the coal was hunted after in nearly all geological formations, and much money was wasted on futile boring and sinking operations. By now the coal-fields have been geologically surveyed almost in every country of the world, and most of them have precisely been mapped. Nowadays mining engineers are capable of determining what coal seams and ironstone beds might be expected to exist under any given area. In case of boring operations it is also possible to tell beforehand what strata succession is likely to be penetrated. Nevertheless there still exist some parts of the world where the mining engineers have to carry out their own geological survey and mapping.

In recent years amazing accomplishments in the realms of science have been achieved. Geologists in their search for coal and other minerals use the properties of electrical resistivity or conductivity, magnetic permeability, elasticity, density and radioactivity.

The electrical resistivity method of geological surveying takes into account the difference in physical properties exhibited by rock formations. Therefore the electrical resistivity method has been widely applied and proved especially valuable in the location of concealed faults, dykes, different types of rock contacts and mineral veins, etc., at shallow and moderate depths.

The magnetic method is the oldest and the most inexpensive of geophysical methods. It has had a wide application field in metalliferous prospecting carried out to locate iron ore rich in magnetite, ilmenite or other strongly magnetic minerals and in coal-mining areas for the location and mapping of concealed dykes and sills.

The seismic method is specifically valuable when tracing buried features where geological evidence is narrow, and for the location of fissures, dykes, faults, anticlines and synclines connected with mineral and other deposits. In their investigation of the sub-soil seismologists use different waves velocities through different constituents of the earth’s crust.

Extensive attention has been centred on the gravitational method made use of in the investigation of various types of structure when searching for coal, natural gas, oil, salt, ores, and so forth.

Комментарии к тексту:

coal deposits discovery [dI'skAvqrI] and determination [dI‚tE:mI'neISn] - открытие и определение угольных месторождений

strata ['strRtq] succession [sqk'seSn] - последовательность пластов

amazing [q'meIzIN] accomplishment [q'kAmplISmqnt] - удивительное достижение

electrical [I'lektrIkl] resistivity method ['meTqd] - метод электрического сопротивления

proved [prHvd] especially [I'speSlI] valuable ['vxljubl] - оказался особенно полезным

rock contact ['kOntxkt] - соприкосновение пород

at shallow ['Sxlqu] and moderate [mOdqrqt] depths - на небольшой и умеренной глубине

magnetic method - магнитный метод

metalliferous [‚metq'lIfqrqs] prospecting [prq'spektIN] - разведка металлосодержащих руд

seismic ['saIzmIk] method - сейсмический метод

buried ['berId] features ['fJCqz] - залегающие черты

gravitational [‚grxvI'teISnl] method - гравитационный метод

so forth [fLT] - и так далее

READING COMPREHENSION