5. Расскажите кратко о роли угля в жизни людей, используя лексику из научного вокабуляра и фразы логического посторения рассказа:

To begin (start) with / First / First of all

Then / So / Next / So then

As far as I know / More that that

What’s more / In addition / And besides

On the one hand / On the other hand

At the end / Finally / In short / In a word

To sum up / On the whole

UNIT 9

TEXT 9.1.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

hydrocarbon [‚haIdrqu'kRbqn] - углеводород

fossil fuel [‚fOsl'fjHql] - ископаемое топливо

uranium [ju'reInjqm] - уран

pitchblende ['pIC‚blend] - урановая смолка, уранит

actinide ['xktI‚naId] - актинид

carnotite ['kRne‚taIt] - карнотит (руда урана)

uranite ['juqrq‚naIt] - уранит

nucleus ['njHklIqs] (множ. число nuclei ['njHklIaI]) - атомное ядро

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

capacity [kq'pxsqtI] - ёмкость, способность

universal [‚jHnI'vE:sl] - универсальный

inorganic [‚InL'gxnIk] - неорганический

difference ['dIfrqns] - разница; отличие

molten ['mqultqn] - расплавленный

induce [In'djHs] - побуждать, порождать

slide [slaId] - скользить

flame [fleIm] - огонь, пламя

gravity ['grxvqtI] - сила тяжести; тяготение

exert [Ig'zE:t] - оказывать давление; влиять

entire [In'taIq] - полный, целый

solar ['squlq] - солнечный

existence [Ig'zIstqns] - жизнь, бытие, существование

manifestation [‚mxnIfe'steISn] - проявление; обнаружение

source [sLs] - источник

concentrate ['kOnsn‚treIt] - концентрировать

discovery [dI'skAvqrI] - открытие

human being [‚hjHmqn'bJIN] - человек

combustion [kqm'bAsCn] - горение, возгорание, сжигание

inflammable [In'flxmqbl] - легко воспламеняющийся

smoke [smquk] - дым

efficient [I'fISnt] - действенный, результативный, эффективный

function ['fANkSn] - работать, действовать

wood [wud] - дерево, лес

represent [‚reprI'zent] - изображать, представлять

petroleum [pq'trqulIqm] - нефть

peat [pJt] - торф

natural gas [‚nxCrql'gxs] - природный газ

release [rI'lJs] - высвобождать, освобождать

convert [kqn'vE:t] - преобразовывать; превращать

swampland ['swOmp‚lxnd] - болотистая местность

combustible [kqm'bAstqbl] - воспламеняемый, горючий

fuel ['fjHql] - топливо, горючее

coal tar [‚kqul'tR] - каменноугольная смола

coke [kquk] - кокс

metallurgy [mq'txlqGI] - металлургия

utilize ['jHtI‚laIz] - использовать, утилизировать, расходовать

boast [bqust] - гордиться

contain [kqn'teIn] - содержать в себе, включать

supply [sq'plaI] - снабжать (чем-л.) , поставлять; доставлять

radioactive [‚reIdIqu'xktIv] - радиоактивный

chiefly ['CJflI] - главным образом, в основном

fission ['fISn] - деление, разделение на части

radioisotope [‚reIdIqu'aIsqtqup] - деление, разделение на части, раскалывание

indisputably [‚IndI'spjHtqblI] - неоспоримо, бесспорно

henceforth [‚hens'fLT] - с этого времени, впредь

lock in [‚lOk'In] - закрыть, удерживать

interchangeable [‚Intq'CeInGqbl] - взаимозаменяемый

time [taIm] - раз

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

Sources of Energy

Energy is the capacity of a body or system to do work; it is a universal factor in all earth processes both organic and inorganic. Different forms of matter follow from differences in the energy which holds atoms together. Energy keeps materials molten so that they may break forth as a volcanic flow. Energy induces water to move and rock masses to slide in response to gravity, that is the force of attraction that bodies exert on one another as a result of their mass. Solar energy supports life, generates weather changes and helps to keep the oceans in motion. The entire geology and all existence is a manifestation of energy.

Up to the present moment our knowledge makes only a few sources of energy available to people: coal, oil and gas - the sources that have been known for centuries. And even these can be made use of only if they have been concentrated by geological development.

The discovery of fire and its uses was one of the human being’s first steps towards the road to civilization. Fire is the state of combustion in which inflammable material burns, producing heat, flames, and often smoke. In fire oxygen combines chemically with the carbon and other elements of organic substances to produce heat and light. When talking about sources of energy, it is important to discover the most efficient, that is functioning or producing effectively and with the least waste of effort. Among the various substances that can be exploited as fuels, wood is the least efficient. Coal, oil and gas are considerably more efficient, for they represent energy that has been concentrated by the organic materials decay. These three fuels are known as fossil fuels, that is any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas, formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms.

The organic fuels burning releases great quantities of stored chemical energy in the form of heat energy. This heat may be used directly or converted into other forms such as electrical energy.

Coal is the end product of vegetable matter that accumulated in the swamplands of the earth millions of years ago. The coal bed size depends on the extent of the original swamp and the vegetable matter amount that had collected in it. The plant matter from which coal has developed contains about 50 per cent carbon. This carbon content helps to distinguish among varieties of coal. Coal is a combustible compact black or dark-brown carbonaceous rock formed from compaction of layers of partially decomposed vegetation. First of all coal is used as a fuel and a source of coal gas, and coal tar.

Coal is also important as the source of coke, used as a fuel and in metallurgy as a reducing agent for converting metal oxides into metals, used in the steel industry. In fact one-fourth of the coal produced every year is utilized for this purpose.

More efficient oil and gas are rapidly replacing coal as a fuel. Russia and the United States boast of large supplies of these fuels as well as many other countries. Great Britain, on the other hand, has to buy large quantities of oil and gas reserves in other countries. Its resources do not contain the large sedimentary basins where oil and gas accumulate.

Uranium is a radioactive silvery-white metallic element of the actinide series. It occurs in several minerals including pitchblende and carnotite and is used chiefly as a source of nuclear energy by fission of the radioisotope uranium-235. Uranium deposits were built up by igneous activity, and they occur in igneous rocks, pegmatite dikes and vein deposits. The primary ore of uranium is the mineral uranite, a complex oxide sometimes called pitchblende. Another complex oxide, containing smaller amounts of uranium is the soft, yellow mineral carnotite found in the sandstones of the Colorado Plateau. It constitutes the principal source of uranium in the United States.

There is no doubt the fact that atomic energy will indisputably become our greatest source of energy henceforth. Coal, oil and gas provide only the chemical energy stored in the atoms electrons; atomic fuels release a much greater energy that is locked in atomic nuclei. Since mass and energy are interchangeable, the nucleus of an atom, which holds 99,95 per cent of its mass, contains almost all of its total energy. In fact, if atomic nuclei could interact with each other in a way that would release their inner sources of energy, the reaction would produce a million times more energy than is released by ordinary energy-producing chemical reactions.

Комментарии к тексту:

first steps towards [tq'wLdz] - первые шаги на пути к

the least [lJst] waste of effort ['efqt] - с наименьшей потерей затрат

organic [L'gxnIk] materials decay [dI'keI] - гниение органических веществ

decomposition [‚dJkOmpq'zISn] of prehistoric [‚prJhI'stOrIk] organisms ['Lgq‚nIzmz] - разложение доисторических организмов

organic fuel - органическое топливо

stored [stLd] chemical energy - запасенная химическая энергия

end product ['prOdAkt] - конечный продукт

vegetable ['veGqtbl] matter - вещество растительного происхождения

coal bed size - размер угольного пласта

carbon content ['kOntqnt] - содержание углерода

varieties ['vqraIqtIz] of coal - разнообразие видов угля

carbonaceous [‚kRbq'neISqs] rock - углеродистая горная порода

partially ['pRSqlI] decomposed [‚dJkqm'pquzd] vegetation [‚veGq'teISn] - частично разложившаяся растительность

a reducing ['rIdjHsIN] agent ['eIGqnt] - восстановитель, регенератор

converting [kqn'vE:tIN] metal oxides into - превращать окисел металла в

steel [stJl] industry ['IndqstrI] - сталелитейная промышленность

oil and gas reserves [rI'zE:vz] - запасы газа и нефти

sedimentary basin ['beIsn] - осадочный бассейн, седиментационный бассейн

silvery-white [‚sIlvqrI'waIt] metallic element - серебристо-белый металлический элемент

pegmatite dike [daIk] - пегматитная дайка

nuclear energy - ядерная, атомная энергия, внутриядерная энергия

Colorado Plateau [kOlq'rRdqu'plxtqu] - плато Колорадо (в Кордильерах Северной Америки, на юго-западе США)

atomic [q'tOmIk] energy - атомная энергия

inner ['Inq] source of energy - внутренний источник энергии

a million ['mIljqn] times more energy - в миллион раз больше энергии

READING COMPREHENSION