1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

1. What is coal?

2. What does the name “coal” comprise?

3. What is peat?

4. Is peat included under the name “coal”?

5. What constituents are the banded coals classified into?

6. What is vitrain?

7. What is clarain?

8. What is durain?

9. What is fusain?

10. How was the coal developed?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Заполните таблицу, выписав из текста все характеристики следующих веществ:

vitrain
clarain
durain
fusain

4. В следующем отрывке предложения расположены не по порядку. Поставьте предложения в нужной последовательности:

   1. They are vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain.

   2. The four main types of coal are: anthracite, bituminous, lignite and brown coal.

   3. It has been formed from the plants and animals remains which were accumulated in swamps.

   4. Coal is the vegetable matter product.

   5. Coal contains varying amounts of carbon and volatile materials.

   6. The processes of coal formation remind the formation of sedimentary rocks.

   7. There are many classifications of coal.

   8. There are four constituents of coal.

   9. Coal has been a principal fuel for a long time.

1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.

5. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

compaction of layers high-rank coal partially decomposed vegetation the rate of subsidence to be able to take root saturated with water to retard further decay initially introduced

первоначально представленные скорость осаждения насыщенный водой быть в состоянии укорениться замедлять дальнейшее разложение высокосортный уголь уплотнение слоев частично разложившаяся растительность

6. Расскажите о стадиях формирования угля, используя следующие слова и словосочетания:

First of all	silting / exceeds / subsidence / take root
Then	vegetation / stagnant
Next	decay / retarded / peat
After that	produce / “bright”
Finally	go / deposition / turn into / further series

TEXT 8.2.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

flourish ['flArIS] - расцветать, пышно расти, разрастаться

luxuriantly [lAg'zjuqrIqnt] - густой, буйный, пышный

plentiful ['plentIfl] - изобилующий, изобильный, обильный

preserve [prI'zE:v] - сохранять

Carboniferous [‚kRbq'nIfqrqs] - каменноугольный (о периоде палеозойской эры)

Palaeozoic [‚pxlIqu'zquIk] - палеозой, палеозойская эра (эра геологической истории Земли, примерно 570 - 248 миллионов лет назад)

era ['Iqrq] - эра; период, эпоха

Devonian [de'vqunIqn] - девонский

encourage [In'kArIG] - поощрять, содействовать

nowadays ['nauq‚deIz] - в наши дни; теперь; в наше время

Permian ['pE:mIqn] - пермский

witness ['wItnqs] - быть свидетелем

foot [fut] (множ. число feet [fJt]) - фут (единица длины)

similarity [‚sImq'lxrqtI] - подобие, похожесть, сходство, схожесть

habit ['hxbIt] - характер произрастания, развития; габитус

swamp [swOmp] - болото, топь

Cenozoic [‚sJnqu'zquIk] - кайнозой, кайнозойская эра

mammal ['mxml] - млекопитающее

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

Coal Deposition Periods

Vegetation flourished rather luxuriantly at some stages of the earth’s history. The swamps were plentiful. The vegetable substance preserved in these swamps changed into lignite, soft or hard coal. The Carboniferous period, that is the fifth period of the Palaeozoic era, between the Devonian and Permian periods, lasting for nearly 64 million years during which coal measures were formed, was encouraging to this process, consequently much coal appeared then. Previously it was considered that coal was formed only in that period, but since then it has been found in quantity in later formations.

Nowadays the first process of coal formation can be witnessed in Alaska in the great areas of swamp peat, often many feet thick, and it displays a great similarity in habit to the late Tertiary period in the same region. Tertiary period was the first period of the Cenozoic era, which lasted for 63 million years, during which mammals became dominant. In case these peat swamps are covered up by later strata, consolidated and changed by pressure, they will become coal beds.

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