1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. What does the word ‘metamorphic’ mean?

   2. What rocks are called metamorphic?

   3. What phenomena participate in new rocks formation?

   4. What is metamorphism?

   5. What rocks belong to metamorphic?

   6. What is the difference between granite and gneiss?

   7. What is the difference between granite and gneiss?

   8. What is the water role in metamorphism determined by?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов:

измененный из

составлять

первоначальная форма

принимать участие

пройти через

описанный процесс

распределены в слои

составные части

параллельно один другому

геологически соотнесенными

4. Составьте план текста. Расскажите о метаморфической породе по этому плану.

TEXT 7.2.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

sandstone ['sxnd‚stqun] - песчаник

quartzite ['kwLtsaIt] - кварцит

shale [SeIl] - глинистый сланец

silt [sIlt] - ил, наносы, осадок

slate [sleIt] - аспидный сланец

schist [SIst] - аспидный сланец

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

appearance [q'pIqrqns] - внешний вид

illustrate ['Ilq‚streIt] - иллюстрировать tough [tAf] - крепкий, прочный

break [breIk] through [TrH] - прорваться, пробиться

cement [sq'ment] - цемент

durable ['djuqrqbl] - прочный, крепкий

slightly ['slaItlI] - мало, слегка

glitter ['glItq] - блестеть, сверкать

thorough ['TArq] - полный, основательный

require [rI'kwaIq] - нуждаться, требовать

truthful ['trHTfl] - верный, правильный, точный

previously ['prJvIqslI] - ранее

shingle ['SINgl] - кровельная дранка

fleck [flek] - прожилка, пятно

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

Examples of Metamorphism

It is difficult to describe metamorphic rocks and still more difficult to classify them. Their appearance depends on the kind and the degree of change. Metamorphism can be illustrated on the example of soft sandstone alteration to quartzite. Sandstone is a hard, tough metamorphic rock; it is in fact so tough that it breaks through the grains of sand as well as through the cement. But quartzite is still harder, tougher and more durable than the sandstone from which it was made.

Limestone affected by heat, pressure and circulating liquids produces marble, another metamorphic rock. Some limestones can only be metamorphosed a little and the changes in them will be difficult to see. As a rule, crystals and fossils in the rock are not changed much, if at all. These slightly altered limestones can be very beautiful, but they are not true marble. A more thorough metamorphism is required.

Shale, composed of mud and silt, becomes metamorphosed into slate. Shale itself has a tendency to break into flat layers. This is even more truthful of slate. However, the slate usually breaks along the lines that are typically at an angle to the original shale beds. Since slate splits so easily, it was previously used far and wide for shingles, blackboards and paving.

If the pressure that forms slate keeps acting, a chemical reaction sets in, causing mica crystal to form. This new rock is called phyllite. It is a fine-grained slate glittering with almost microscopic flecks of mica. If the process continues further, the grains of mica become larger and the result is a rock called schist.

Комментарии к тексту:

the kind and the degree of change - вид и степень изменений

if at all - если вообще

have a tendency ['tendqnsI] - имеет склонность

keep [kJp] acting ['xknIN] - продолжать действовать

chemical reaction [rI'xkSn] sets in - химическая реакция начинается

READING COMPREHENSION

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. Why is it difficult to describe and classify metamorphic rocks?

   2. What is the difference between sandstone and quartzite?

   3. What is the difference between limestone and marble?

   4. What is the difference between shale and slate?

   5. What rock forms if the pressure keeps acting?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Составьте свои вопросы к тексту, используя следующие глаголы:

to describe

to classify

to illustrate

to break

to be made

to produce

to change

to be required

to become

to split

to set in

to result in

4. Расскажите о процессе формирования следующих минералов и об их отличие от исходных минералов:

   1. sandstone → quartzite

   2. limestone → marble

   3. shale → slate → phyllite

5. Перескажите кратко текст, используя научный вокабуляр и комментарии к тексту.

UNIT 8

TEXT 8.1.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

lignite ['lIg‚naIt] - лигнит, бурый уголь

bituminous [bI'tjHmInqs] coal - битуминозный уголь

anthracite ['xnTrq‚saIt] - антрацит

peat [pJt] - торф

banding ['bxndIN] - слоистость (о породе)

vitrain ['vItreIn] - витрен

clarain ['kleqreIn] - кларен (блестящая составляющая угля)

fusain [fjH'zeIn] -фюзен

durain ['djHreIn] - дюрен (тусклая составляющая угля)

charcoal ['CR‚kqul] - древесный уголь

megaspore ['megq‚spL] - мегаспора

microspore ['maIkrqu‚spL] - микроспора

seam [sJm] - прослоек; пласт

subsidence ['sAbsIdqns] - осадок, осаждение, оседание (породы)

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

combustible [kqm'bAstqbl] - воспламеняемый, горючий

compact ['kOmpxkt] - компактный; плотный

compaction [kqm'pxkSn] - уплотнение, сжатие

carbonaceous [‚kRbq'neISqs] - углеродистый

refer [rI'fE:] - относиться

mummified ['mAmI‚faId] - мумифицированный

dried [draId] up - высохнуть, пересохнуть

shrivelled ['SrIvld] - иссохший

comprise [kqm'praIz] - включать

intermediate [‚Intq'mJdIqt] - средний, занимающий промежуточное положение

take up [‚teIk'Ap] - поглощать

intense [In'tens] - насыщенный, интенсивный, напряженный

brownish ['braunIS] - коричневатый

saturate ['sxCq‚reIt] - насыщать, сатурировать

uplands ['Aplxndz] - гористая местность

bog [bOg] - болото, трясина

fertilizer ['fE:tq‚laIzq] - удобрение

uppermost ['Apq‚mqust] - прежде всего

amorphous [q'mLfqs] - аморфный, некристаллический

smelting ['smeltIN] - выплавной, металлоплавильный

explosive [Ik'splqusIv] - взрывчатое вещество

bark [bRk] - кора (дерева)

absorbent [qb'zLbqnt] - абсорбент, поглотитель

twig [twIg] - веточка, прут, хворостинка

interbanded [‚Intq'bxndId] - внутризонный

silting ['sIltIN] - заиливание

estuary ['estjuqrI] - устье реки

shallow ['Sxlqu] - мелеть, делать поверхностным, неглубоким

stagnant ['stxgnqnt] - стоячий (о воде); застойный

retard [rI'tRd] - замедлять; задерживать; тормозить (развитие и т. п.)

stem [stem] - ствол, стебель

deposition [‚depq'zISn] - осаждение, отложение

drown [draun] - тонуть

subsequent ['sAbsIkwqnt] - последующий, следующий

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

The Origin of Coal

Coal is a combustible compact black or dark-brown carbonaceous rock formed from compaction of layers of partially decomposed vegetation: a fuel and a source of coke, coal gas, and coal tar. Coal refers to sedimentary rocks of organic origin and is typically described as a mass of mummified, that is dried up, shrivelled, plants. The name “coal” comprises several fossil fuels: brown coal (a low-quality coal intermediate in grade between peat and lignite), lignite (a brown carbonaceous sedimentary rock with woody texture that consists of accumulated layers of partially decomposed vegetation), bituminous coal (a soft black coal, rich in volatile hydrocarbons, that burns with a smoky yellow flame), anthracite (a hard jet-black coal that burns slowly with a nonluminous flame giving out intense heat). Peat is a compact brownish deposit of partially decomposed vegetable matter saturated with water. It is found in uplands and bogs in temperate and cold regions and used as a fuel (when dried) and as a fertilizer, though the first stage in the formation of most coals, has never been included under that name.

The banded coals are classified into four constituents, vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. Vitrain and clarain make up the “brights”, the durain is the “hards” and the fusain is the “mineral charcoal” (a black amorphous form of carbon made by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air: used as a fuel, in smelting metal ores, in explosives, and as an absorbent). Microscope scrutiny has shown that the bright vitrain streaks represent large pieces of wood or bark with their cells filled with a bright black substance initially introduced as a jelly; clarain is alike vitrain, but made of plant debris such as leaves and twigs, and fusain is partially carbonized wood. Durain is composed of more highly carbonized material with a high proportion of megaspores and microspores. The “hards” and “brights” are commonly concentrated at more or less specific levels in a seam, though they are sometimes interbanded.

The history of the coal seam development was roughly the following: in case silting in a lake basin or river estuary exceeds the rate of subsidence, water shallows till plants are able to take root and grow. The vegetation becomes thick, consequently the water movement is prevented and water becomes stagnant. The accumulated vegetation decay takes up the oxygen and further decay is retarded. Thus, peat composed of leaves, twigs and stems is formed and eventually produces a bed of “bright”. If subsidence at the moment goes above the rate of deposition the plants are drowned and the region turns into open water. Subsequent to the coal burying by overlying sediments a further series of changes takes place resulting in the coal “rank” increase.

Комментарии к тексту:

woody ['wudI] texture - древесная текстура

accumulated [q'kjHmju‚leItId] layers ['leIqz] - накопленные слои

jet-black [‚Get'blxk] coal - чёрный как смоль уголь

nonluminous [nOn'lHmInqs] flame - несветящийся огонь

bedding ['bedIN] plane - плоскость напластования

microscope ['maIkrq‚skqup] scrutiny ['skrHtqnI] - исследование с помощью микроскопа

vitrain streaks ['strIks] - прожилки витрена

initially [I'nISlI] introduced [‚Intrq'djHs] as a jelly ['GelI] - первоначально представленный как студневидная масса

plant debris ['debrJ] - остатки растений

roughly ['rAflI] the following ['fOlquIN] - примерно следующее

take root [rHt] - укореняться

coal “rank” [rxNk] increase - повышение категории угля

READING COMPREHENSION