1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. What is metal?

   2. What metals are present in every igneous rock in considerable quantity?

   3. What rarer metals are present in igneous rocks?

   4. What capacity are metals generally found in?

   5. Are the rarest metals found in igneous rocks?

   6. What form do the widespread metals occur in igneous rocks?

   7. What are the quantities of metals in sedimentary rocks in comparison to the igneous rocks?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Составьте предложения из следующих слов, руководствуясь правилом о порядке слов в английском повествовательном предложении:

1. are, in, sizeable, they, present, not, amounts

2. rocks, in, metals, the, igneous, occur, widespread

3. small, rock, in, the, quantities, of, is, sedimentary, metals

4. rocks, found, most, is, igneous, in, manganese

5. elements, number, are, of, any, a, chemical, of, metals

4. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя вокабуляр урока:

1. Все изверженные породы включают металлы.

2. Металлы являются хорошими проводниками тепла и электричества.

3. Количество металлов в осадочных породах меньше, чем в изверженных.

4. Даже очень редкие металлы встречаются в некоторых породах в небольших количествах.

5. Широко распространенные металлы встречаются в изверженных породах в форме сульфидов и оксидов.

5. Вставьте следующие слова в текст:

active extracted form mountains

evidence billion igneous

Igneous Rocks

The importance of the … rocks is determined by their being rich in the mineral deposits or in veins which are found in them. Most of the gold, lead, zinc, mercury, arsenic, antimony, nickel, cobalt and titanium are … from such veins.

As it is known igneous rocks were the first kind of rocks to … . Some are known to be over two … years old. At the same time, some other igneous rocks are the youngest rocks, for there are … volcanoes still erupting lava from their craters these days. Igneous rocks, more than any other kind, provide … that the earth is still developing, changing and constantly rebuilding its … and hillsides.

6. Расскажите об изверженной породе, используя следующий план и информацию из текстов 5.1. И 5.2. А также информацию из дополнительных текстов:

1. Definition of the igneous rocks.

2. Origin of the igneous rocks.

3. Forms of the igneous rocks.

4. Classification of the igneous rocks.

5. Size of the igneous rocks.

6. Texture of the igneous rocks.

7. Metal content of igneous rocks.

UNIT 6

TEXT 6.1.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

C (Celsius) ['selsIqs] - по шкале Цельсия

F (Fahrenheit) ['fxrqnhaIt] - по шкале Фаренгейта

thermal ['TE:ml] gradient ['greIdIqnt] - температурный градиент

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

absence ['xbsns] - отсутствие

within [wID'In] - в пределах

essential [I'senSl] - важнейший; необходимый; основной

clarify ['klxrq‚faI] - прояснить

localized ['lqukq‚laIzd] - локализованный; со строго определённым местоположением

current ['kArqnt] - текущий, данный, современный

indication [‚IndI'keISn] - признак, показатель, указание

height [haIt] - высота, вышина

apply [q'plaI] - применять

hence [hens] - следовательно tunnel ['tAnl] - тоннель

cone [kqun] - пик (горная вершина конической формы; чаще всего о вершинах вулканического происхождения)

exceed [Ik'sJd] - превышать; выходить за пределы

call ['kLl] for - требовать

substantial [sqb'stxnSl] - значимый, значительный

heat [hJt] - жара

predicament [prI'dIkqmqnt] - затруднительное положение

expand [Ik'spxnd] - увеличиваться в объёме, в размерах, в количестве

mine [maIn] - рудник; шахта

mathematically [‚mxTq'mxtIklI] - математически

actual ['xkCuql] - фактический, реальный, действующий

grow [grqu] - расти, вырастать

measurement ['meZqmqnt] - размер, мерка; измерение

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

Igneous Activity

Igneous activity is impossible without magma. However the existing evidence shows the absence of molten rock extensive zones within 1,800 miles of the earth surface. For that reason it is essential to clarify the formation of magma localized masses.

The exact depth of magma formation is not known, but it is almost certainly at depths no greater than 40 miles. Current volcanoes supply us with indication about the depth which magma is coming from. As it is well-known the liquid rises to heights comparable to the pressure applied to it. This principle can well be applied to the modern volcanoes with height from 2,000 to 20,000 feet. Hence, a couple of miles of rock weight would supply an adequate amount of pressure to lift magma to the top of a 2,000-foot cone; however it would require 15 or 20 miles of rock weight to push the magma up to the top of a 20,000-foot volcano. Thereby the magma feeding present volcanoes must come from different depths, none of which, though, possibly exceeds 40 miles.

It is necessary for rocks to be melted to form magma, which calls for a substantial quantity of heat. This heat source is another big predicament.

First of all the heat must expand in order to melt. In consequence a greater quantity of heat is required to melt the rock under pressure in comparison with melting it at the surface. Accordingly, the melting temperature grows higher as pressure increases. As a result rocks buried under the several miles of other rocks pressure melt at a higher range of temperature than similar rocks at the surface. The relationship between pressure and melting temperature can be expressed mathematically for relatively uncomplicated conditions. And even though these simple conditions are not exactly the same as actual conditions deep down in the earth, they prove useful for further speculation.

According to the measurements the temperature increases below the surface in tunnels, deep bore holes, and mines. This increase rate called the thermal gradient seems to be around 30°C per kilometer of depth or 150°F per mile. If the thermal gradient increased at this constant rate, temperature at certain depths would surpass the melting range of all known rocks. As a matter of fact the crust at these depths is solid (excepting limited areas of igneous activity) and the gradient does not increase at this constant rate. As a result it is necessary to search for another source of heat which, when added to the present high temperatures, causes igneous activity.

Комментарии к тексту:

the existing [Ig'zIstIN] evidence ['evIdqns] - имеющееся свидетельство, подтверждение

extensive [Ik'stensIv] zones - зоны, обладающие протяжённостью

adequate ['xdIkwqt] amount of pressure - достаточное давление

rock weight [weIt] - вес породы

buried ['berIed] under - залегающий под

higher ['haIq] range [reInG] of temperature ['temprI‚Cq] - более высокая температурная шкала

relatively ['relqtIvlI] uncomplicated [An'kOmplI‚keItId] conditions [kqn'dISnz] - относительно простые условия

prove [prHv] useful ['jHsfl] - оказываться полезным

further ['fE:Dq] speculation [‚spekju'leISn] - дальнейшее размышление, предположение

deep bore [bL] hole [hqul] - глубокая буровая скважина

increase ['INkrJs] rate [reIt] - скорость возрастания

constant ['kOnstqnt] rate - постоянный коэффициент

would [wud] surpass [sq'pRs] the melting range - превысил бы (температурный) интервал плавления

READING COMPREHENSION