1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. What relationships exist among igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks?

   2. What is the rock cycle? What is another name for the rock cycle?

   3. How does the rock cycle begin?

   4. What is weathering?

   5. What happens to the products of weathering?

   6. What assists in moving the materials from one place to another?

   7. How can the cycle continue?

   8. What can happen to metamorphic rocks if they sustain heat and pressure?

   9. How does the rock cycle end?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Составьте предложения из следующих слов, руководствуясь правилом порядка слов в английском повествовательном предложении:

   1. form, these, cycle, relationships, a

   2. of, cycle, series, rock, is, events, the, the

   3. matter, rock, weathering, the, attacks, solid

   4. will, these, be, to, heat, and, new, exposed, pressure, rocks

   5. change, metamorphic, the, into, rocks, rocks, sedimentary

   6. conditions, these, to, response, new, in

   7. magma, rocks, melt, metamorphic, into, may

   8. rock, igneous, appears, an, there

4. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя вокабуляр урока:

   1. Отношения между изверженными, осадочными и метаморфическими породами образуют геологический цикл.

   2. Полный геологический цикл завершается, когда магма охлаждается и вновь возникает изверженная порода.

   3. В ответ на эти новые условия осадочная порода может стать метаморфической.

   4. Продукты выветривания становятся материалами, которые пойдут на создание новых горных пород.

   5. Изверженная порода формируется глубоко под землей.

5. Запролните следующую диаграмму, вписав в нее фазы геологическог цикла. Перескажите текст ‘The rock cycle’, используя фразы логического построения рассказа и диаграмму:

To begin (start) with

First / First of all

After that / Then

So / Next / So then

What’s more / In addition

And besides

At the end / Finally

UNIT 5

TEXT 5.1.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

extrusive [Ik'strHsIv] rock - вулканическая порода

intrusive [In'trHsIv] rock - интрузивная порода

lime [laIm] - известь

alkali ['xlkq‚laI] - щёлочь

potash ['pOt‚xS] - поташ, углекислый калий

soda ['squdq] - сода, углекислый натрий

silica ['sIlIkq] - кварц, кремнезём

plutonic [plH'tOnIk] rock - вулканическая порода; извержённая порода

hypabyssal [‚hIpq'bIsql] rock - гипабиссальная порода

dyke [daIk] - дайка

sill [sIl] - почва угольного пласта

porphyry ['pLfIrI] - порфир

phenocryst ['fJnq‚krIst] - фенокристалл, вкрапленник

volcanic [vOl'kxnIk] rock - вулканическая порода

granitic [grx'nItIk] texture ['teksCq] - гранитная текстура

porphyritic [‚pLfI'rItIk] texture -порфирическая текстура

ophitic [qu'fItIk] texture -офитическая текстура

vesicular [vI'sIkjulq] texture - пузырчатая текстура

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

assume [q'sjHm] - принимать, обретать

emplace [Im'pleIs] - помещать

fissure ['fISq] - трещина, расщелина; излом

trap [trxp] - останавливать, задерживать, удерживать

crack [krxk] - трещина, щель

classification [‚klxsIfI'keISn] - классификация, систематизация

firstly ['fE:stlI] - во-первых

percentage [pq'sentIG] - процент

depend [dI'pend] - зависеть

surplus ['sE:plqs] – избыток, излишек, остаток

glassy ['glRsI] - гладкий, зеркальный (о поверхности)

found [faund] - опираться, основываться

estimate ['estI‚meIt] - оценивать display [dI'spleI] - показывать; демонстрировать

uniformly ['jHnI‚fLmlI] - однородно

dolerite ['dOlq‚raIt] - долерит, крупнозернистый базальт

elongated ['JlOn‚geItId] - продолговатый; удлинённый

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

The Igneous Rocks

As it is known the igneous rocks have assumed a crystalline structure from magma. We have learned that igneous means derived by solidification of magma or molten lava emplaced on or below the earth’s surface. Magma is hot molten rock, usually formed in the earth’s upper mantle, some of which finds its way into the crust and onto the earth’s surface, where it solidifies to form igneous rock. Magma takes its origin in the earth crust and may rise through fissures to the surface as lava resulting in extrusive rocks or it may get trapped and cool among the outer rocks of the crust, forming intrusive rocks. Thus extrusive rocks are formed from magma issuing from volcanoes or cracks in the earth’s crust and intrusive rocks are formed from the movement of magma from within the earth’s crust into spaces in the overlying strata.

The igneous rocks classification takes into consideration two characteristics, firstly, the chemical and mineralogical composition and, secondly, the occurrence mode of the crystals size. The classification of the rocks depends on the percentage of silica and again on the relative proportion of lime to the alkalis, potash and soda. Silica surplus is made known by the presence of quartz and the alkali content may be estimated by the proportions of alkali feldspar to the lime-rich plagioclases. The deep-seated, slowly cooled rocks have large crystals and are known as plutonic, that is derived from magma that has cooled and solidified below the surface of the earth. The rocks of the minor intrusions are finer grained and are known as hypabyssal rocks, that is derived from magma that has solidified at shallow depth in the form of dykes, sills, etc. The volcanic rocks are finer grained still and may even be glassy.

Originally the rocks were classified under these three headings according to their occurrence mode, but this led to identification difficulties and the classification is now founded on the rocks average grain size, though the same names are used.

Plutonic rocks have an average grain size of more than 0.5 mm, hypabyssal rocks display grain size from 0.5 to 0.05 mm and volcanic rocks are with grain size less than 0.05 mm.

As for the plutonic rocks they are composed of relatively large crystals, usually uniformly developed and forming an equigranular mosaic, known as a Granitic texture. The hypabyssal and the volcanic rocks are given to having large crystals set in a finer grained groundmass, that is the matrix of igneous rocks, such as porphyry, in which larger crystals (phenocrysts) are embedded. This is described as Porphyritic texture. Another texture common in dolerites is Ophitic, that is having small elongated unorientated feldspar crystals enclosed within pyroxene grains. Lavas are often completely or to a degree glassy and have a Vesicular texture.

Комментарии к тексту:

crystalline ['krIstq‚laIn] structure ['strAkCq] - кристаллическая структура

hot molten ['mqultqn] rock - горячая расплавленная порода

upper mantle ['mxntl] - верхняя мантия

outer ['autq] rock - поверхностная порода

take into consideration [kqn‚sIdq'reISn] - принимать во внимание

occurrence [q'kArqns] mode - способ залегания месторождения

proportions [prq'pLSnz] to - пропорции относительно

lime-rich plagioclase ['pleIGIqu‚kleIz] - богатый известью плагиоклаз

deep-seated [‚dJp'sJtId] rocks - абиссальная порода, плутонит

minor ['maInq] intrusion [In'trHZn] - несущественное внедрение

fine grained [‚faInq'greInd] - мелкозернистые

at shallow ['Sxlqu] depth [depT] - на небольшой глубине

identification [aI‚dentIfI'keISn] difficulties ['dIfIkltIz] - сложности определения, распознавания

equigranular [‚JkwI'grxnjulq] mosaic [mqu'zeIIk] - монодисперсная мозаика

enclosed [In'klquzd] within [wID'In] pyroxene ['paIrOksJn] grains - заключены внутри зерен пироксена

rocks average ['xvrIG] grain [greIn] size - средний размер зерна породы

unorientated [An'LrIqn‚teItId] feldspar ['felspR] crystals - неориентируемые кристаллы полевого шпата

to a degree [dI'grJ] - до известной степени, отчасти

READING COMPREHENSION