1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

   1. Why does the formation of the sediments occur?

   2. What is the role of water?

   3. What happens to the coarse gravel when it reaches water?

   4. What happens to the finer material when it reaches water?

   5. What do surface waters carry?

   6. What is a suspension?

   7. What is a solution?

   8. How many tons of mineral substances are added to the oceans annually?

2. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие словосочетания из комментариев и переведите их письменно. Составьте свои предложения с этими словосочетаниями.

3. Дайте определения следующим терминам и понятиям:

glacier

mountain

suspension

buoyancy

dispersion

mixture

surface water

fine material

river mouth

4. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, используя вокабуляр из текста:

1. Грязь переносится в море благодаря рекам.

2. Крупный гравий обычно отлагается в устьях рек.

3. Поверхностные воды несут различные материалы во взвешенном состоянии.

4. В озерах все материалы оседают на дно.

5. Составными частями этих материалов могут быть твердые, жидкие вещества и даже газ.

6. Реки несут огромные количества минеральных веществ в море.

5. Составьте предложения со следующими глаголами:

to occur

to reach

to settle

to mix

to precipitate

to estimate

to carry

to deposit

to contain

to bring

to disperse

TEXT 4.3.

VOCABULARY WORK:

• Запомните следующие слова:

Научный вокабуляр:

grit [grIt] - крупнозернистый песчаник

impure [‚Im'pjuq] - смешанный, с примесью, неоднородный

sandstone ['sxnd‚stqun] - песчаник

quartzite ['kwLtsaIt] - кварцит slate [sleIt] - аспидный сланец

shale [SeIl] - глинистый сланец

fine-grained ['faIn'greInd] - мелкозернистый

dolomite ['dOlq‚maIt] - доломит clay [kleI] - глина

marble ['mRbl] - мрамор

haematite ['hJmq‚taIt] - красный железняк, гематит

calcium ['kxlsIqm] carbonate ['kRbq‚neIt] - карбонат кальция

arkose ['Rkqus] - аркоз (вид песчаника с зёрнами полевого шпата)

Общеязыковой вокабуляр:

consequently ['kOnsIkwqntlI] - следовательно; в результате

plain [pleIn] - равнина

ordinary ['LdnqrI] - обычный, ординарный; простой

cement [sq'ment] - цемент

firmly ['fE:mlI] - крепко, плотно

frequent ['frJkwqnt] - частый

plastic ['plxstIk] - гибкий, пластичный

moist [mOIst] - сырой; влажный, мокрый

brick [brIk] - кирпич

manufacture [‚mxnju'fxkCq] - производство; изготовление

ceramics [sq'rxmIks] - керамика

laminated ['lxmI‚neItId] - листовой; слоистый

compression [kqm'preSn] - давление; компрессия, сжатие

compact ['kOmpxkt] - компактный

be split [splIt] into - быть расколотым; расщепленным

shell [Sel] - раковина

sculpture ['skAlpCq] - скульптура

• Прочтите следующий текст и переведите его:

Transformation of Sediments to Hard Rocks

The sediments may be brought out of water through upward and downward movements of the land at various points and consequently they may become part of the land. With time they harden. Sedimentary rocks can be found on the mountain top in addition to the low plains.

Conglomerates, grit, sandstone, quartzite, shale, slate, limestone, marble, and dolomite are ordinary sedimentary rocks. A conglomerate is formed when beds of pebbles are cemented together. Grit is coarse and impure hardened sand consisting of small hard particles of sand, earth, stone, etc. Arkose is a sandstone consisting of grains of feldspar and quartz cemented by a mixture of quartz and clay. Arkose is coarse impure sand, usually derived from granite.

A sandstone is any of a group of common sedimentary rocks consisting of sand grains consolidated with such materials as quartz, haematite and clay minerals. It is used widely in building. To become sandstone the sand must harden so that the grains stick firmly together. Sandstone may be of all colours, white or red being the most frequent. Clay is a very fine-grained material that consists of hydrated aluminium silicate, quartz, and organic fragments and occurs as sedimentary rocks, soils, and other deposits. It becomes plastic when moist but hardens on heating and is used in the manufacture of bricks, cement, ceramics, etc. On hardening, clay becomes shale. Shale is a dark fine-grained laminated sedimentary rock formed by compression of successive layers of clay-rich sediment. Shale may be of any colour, but most frequently it is dark-coloured, often black. When shale becomes still harder, it is called slate. Slate is a compact fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the effects of heat and pressure on shale. It can be split into thin layers along natural cleavage planes and is used as a roofing and paving material.

As for limestone and marble they are closely related. They usually begin as the accumulation of the shells of marine animals, often broken in order to form sand or mud. Then the deposits harden into rocks. When limestones have been exposed to heat and pressure in the earth’s crust, they become crystalline, and then turn into marbles. Still, limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium carbonate, deposited as the calcareous remains of marine animals or chemically precipitated from the sea. It is used as a building stone and in the manufacture of cement, lime, etc. Marble is a hard crystalline metamorphic rock resulting from the recrystallization of a limestone. It usually takes a high polish and is used for building and sculpture. Dolomite is a white mineral often tinted by impurities, found in sedimentary rocks and veins. It is used in the manufacture of cement and as a building stone.

Комментарии к тексту:

upward ['Apwqd] and downward ['daunwqd] movement ['mHvmqnt] - восходящее и нисходящее движение

stick [stIk] together [tq'geDq] - склеивать, слипаться

hydrated ['haI‚dreItId] aluminium [‚xlq'mInIqm] silicate ['sIlI‚keIt] - гидратизированный алюмосиликат

successive [sqk'sesIv] - layers следующие один за другим, последовательные слои

clay-rich sediment - богатый глиной отстоявшийся слой, осадок

roofing ['rHfIN] and paving ['peIvIN] material - материал для кровли и для покрытия дороги

closely ['klquslI] related [rI'leItId] - тесно связанный

marine [mq'rJn] animal - морское животное

building ['bIldIN] stone - строительный камень

high [haI] polish ['pOlIS] - зеркальная полировка

READING COMPREHENSION