43. Find the equivalents.
Несмотря на свое традиционное место; работать в области питания; следовать законам наследственности; покрывать спектр от – до; полезные и даже необходимые для жизни; исследование, которое включает в себя такие вещи как …; наиболее важное и восхитительное исследование, выполняемое сегодня; увеличить знание о живых организмах; решать практические проблемы; производить болезни; использовать знания и умения во многих областях.
44. What spheres of research are given in the text? Fill in the table.
Scientific (sub)division |
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45. Work in micro groups. Make a report about one of the spheres of research and its role in your life. Use the text.
46. Answer the following grammar questions.
a) Найдите в тексте парные союзы.
б) Подчеркните в тексте все модальные глаголы.
47. Write an annotation to the text.
48. Translate the words to text № 50.
cell be divided in organelles tissue compartment hold survive grow brain protective structure cell wall vacuoles carry oxygen defined nucleus have in common |
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49. Read the text and decide who it is written for. Prove your answer.
Cells are the Starting Point
All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces called cells. There are smaller pieces to cells that include proteins and organelles. There are also larger pieces called tissues and systems. Cells are small compartments that hold all of the biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful on Earth.
A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions. It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when cells are present. If you were only made of one cell, you would only be able to grow to a certain size. You don't find single cells that are as large as a cow. Also, if you were only one cell you couldn't have a nervous system, no muscles for movement, and using the internet would be out of the question. The trillions of cells in your body make your life possible.
One Name, Many Types
There are many types of cells. In biology class, you will usually work with plant-like cells and animal-like cells. We say animal-like because an animal type of cell could be anything from a tiny microorganism to a nerve cell in your brain. Plant cells are easier to identify because they have a protective structure called a cell wall made of cellulose. Plants have the wall; animals do not. Plants also have organelles like the chloroplast (the things that make them green) or large water-filled vacuoles.
We said that there are many types of cells. Cells are unique to each type of organism. Humans may have hundreds of types of cells. Some cells are used to carry oxygen (O2) through the blood (red blood cells) and others might be specific to the heart. If you look at very simple organisms, you will discover cells that have no defined nucleus (prokaryotes) and other cells that have hundreds of nuclei (multinucleated). The thing they all have in common is that they are compartments surrounded by some type of membrane.
50. Find the equivalents.
До нервной клетки в твоем мозге; разносить кислород по крови; полости, окруженные оболочкой; необходимое для поддержания живого организма; иметь различный набор функций; иметь защитную структуру; вырасти до определенного размера; посмотреть на очень простой организм; никаких мускулов для движения; об это не могло бы быть и речи; огромная наполненная водой полость (вакуоль).
51. Answer the following questions.
1. What is “cell”? What does it include? Why is it so important for organisms?
2. What makes your life possible? What would be if you were only made of one cell?
3. Which types of cells are there? What differences do they have?
4. What about humans? Which types of cells do people have? And very simple organisms?
52. Answer the following grammar questions.
a) Подчеркните в тексте прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени.
б) Найдите в тексте глаголы в следующих временных формах: Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple.
53. Write an annotation to the text.
54. Draw a human cell and describe its structure in English.
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