Супрун Л. А. История английской и американской литературы. Краткий обзор: Учеб. пособ. по заруб. лит. для школ с углуб. изуч. англ. яз. — Донецк: Центр подготовки абитуриентов, 1999 —128с 55

Супрун Л. А. История английской и американской литературы. Краткий обзор: Учебное пособие по зарубежной литературе для школ с углубленным изучением английского языка. — Донецк: Центр подготовки абитуриентов, 1999 — 128 с. [1]

ББК 81.432.4-922

Рецензенты: Писаревская Н. М., старший преподаватель кафедры английской филологии

Донецкого государственного университета Бондаренко Л. Н., учитель-методист ОШ № 115с углубленным изучением

иностранных языков, учитель английского языка

Супрун Л. А.

С 89 История английской и американской литературы. Краткий обзор: Учебное пособие по зарубежной литературе для школ с углубленным изучением английского языка. — Донецк: Центр подготовки абитуриентов, 1999 —128 с.

13ВЫ 966-7177-29-7

Учебное пособие представляет собой материал по истории английской и американской литературы. В книге дается краткое описание исторических предпосылок возникновения литературы на Британских островах и в Амери­ке, рассматривается жизнь и творчество самых ярких представителей литературных кругов Великобритании и США в хронологической последователь­ности. Пособие содержит краткий словарь литературоведческих терминов и изобразительно-выразительных средств языка с упражнениями.

Книга предназначена для использования в качестве учебного пособия по курсу "Литература Англии и США" для школ с углубленным изучением английского языка, а также будет полезной для учителей, учащихся, абитуриен­тов, студентов вузов и всех, кто изучает английский язык.

ББК 81.432.4-922

Людмила Олександрівна Супрун [2]

ІСТОРІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ ТА АМЕРИКАНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ: КОРОТКИЙ ОГЛЯД

Навчальний пособник із зарубіжної ліеератури для шкіл з поглибленим вивченням англійської мови. Англійською мовою.

Редактор Коган О. С. Художній редактор Бондаренко Д. Л. Комп'ютерна верстка Р. В. Тростянецького

Підписано до друку 11.01.99 Формат 84х108¹/зг Ум. друк. арк. 6,72. Обл. вид. арк. 7,8 Тираж 1000 прим.

Видавництво "Центр Підготовки абітуріентів" 340086, Донецьк, вул. Артема, 46

ISВМ 966-7177-29-7 © Центр подготовки абитуриентов, 1999 ©Супрун Л. А., 1999 © Бондаренко Д. Л, 1999 [2]

CONTENTS

OT ABTOPA.

10^th FORM ENGLISH LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION....................................................................7

LITERATURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES.................................9

GEOFFREY CHAUCER............................................11

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE........................................14

DANIEL DEFOE.......................................................17

JONATHAN SWIFT...................................................19

SAMUEL RICHARDSON..........................................21

TOBIAS SMOLLETT..................................................23

RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN...........................25

ROBERT BURNS.......................................................27

WALTER SCOTT.......................................................30

GEORGE GORDON BYRON....................................33

CHARI.ES DICKENS.................................................36

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW.....................................38

JEROME K.JEROME...............................................41

ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE........................................43

HERBERT GEORGE WELLS...................................45

JOHN GALSWORTHY..............................................48

WILLIAM SOMERSET MAUGHAM.........................50

JAMES ALDRIDGE...................................................53 [3]

11'" FORM AMERICAN LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION..................................................................56

THE BEGINNING OF LITERATURE IN AMERICA............57

WASHINGTON IRVING............................................60

JAMES FENIMOR COOPER...................................62

EDGAR ALLAN POE................................................64

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW..................66

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE..................................68

HERMAN MELVILLE................................................70

WALT WHITMAN......................................................72

AMERICAN LITERATURE OF THE END

OF THE XIX C. - THE BEGINNING OF THE XX C..........75

CARL SANDBURG....................................................77

JOHN REED..............................................................79

MARK TWAIN............................................................81

O.HENRY...................................................................84

THEODORE DREISER..............................................86

JACK LONDON........................................................88

ERNEST HEMINGWAY.............................................91

LANGSTON HUGHES..............................................94

JOHN STEINBECK...................................................97

ROBERT PENN WARREN........................................99

JEROME DAVID SALINGER.................................101

LITERATURE VOCABULARY...........................................104

FIGURATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE

LANGUAGE MEANS.........................................................112

РЕКОМЕНДОВАННЫЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ В 10 ―11 КЛАССАХ...............................127

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ..................................................128 [4]

ОТ АВТОРА

Литература занимает особое место среди предметов гуманитарного цикла. Она помогает человеку правильно ориентироваться в сложном процессе самопознания, оказывает непосредственное влияние на его духовный мир и рост.

Курс английской и американской литературы в шко­лах с углубленным изучением английского языка рас­считан на 34 часа английской литературы в 10 классе и 34 часа американской литературы в 11 классе. Из них: 22 часа - овладение базовым объемом литературных знаний; 8 часов - практические занятия по развитию навыков чтения и анализа художественной литературы в оригинале, творческие работы учащихся; 4 часа - зачетные.

Цель курса - дать ученикам как можно большее представление о том, как исторически складывалась литература, какие жанры формировались в разные ис­торические периоды и как они влияли на формирование морали и культуры.

Два года по одному часу в неделю - слишком ма­ленький срок, чтобы дать учащимся полный академи­ческий курс литературы. Учитывая этот факт, я выбра­ла самых ярких представителей каждой литературной эпохи Великобритании и США для знакомства с их творчеством, произведениями, анализа и оценки лите­ратурного стиля, самостоятельной работы с произве­дениями, для развития навыков творческого письма, сравнительного анализа литератур, русских и украин­ских переводов. Такой подход поможет ученикам по­знакомиться с литературой этих двух стран и заложит основу будущего самостоятельного чтения. [5]

ENGLISH LITERATURE

10 ^TH FORM [6]

Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION

To understand specific features of English literature we have to make a short excursion into English history.

As far as history can be traced the first people found on British Isles were Picts and Scots. They lived the life of primitive communal system. Scotland was populated by the Picts, and the Scots were inhabitants of Ireland.

Most of the territory of Britain was covered with difficult forests and bushes and the land wasn't yet cultivated. The Picts and the Scots used the tools which they made first of wood and later on of stone. Their main occupations were hunting, fishing and picking berries.

In the 6-7 centuries BC Britain was populated by the Britons. There are various tribes belonging to the same stock as inhabitants of France, Spain and the Rhine valley. We are accustomed to think of England as an inviolate island, but the truth is that before Normans it was invaded many times. The earliest invasions were made by Belgae which inhabited north-eastern France and Belgium.

From the first century AD until the beginning of the fifth century AD Britain was a Rome province. The province of Britain soon showed the effects of Roman occupation, effects which are by no means obliterated to this day: roads were made, bridges built, towns planted, schools were established and finally the Christianity was introduced. The numerous towns which still have "Chester" in their names (Manchester, Colchester, etc.) recall the Roman occupation.

Irish literature is considered one of the most ancient in Europe. In the sixth century the writing appeared. Irish heroic epos appeared in the seventh century, but it was written down in the eighth century. The monuments to this epos are sagas. There were bards in old times, singers who explained legends. Bards were tellers of sagas. The most ancient is the world's cycle of sagas, the main hero of them was Kukhulin. [7] He has different superman merits. Irish sagas include a lot of features from the everyday life, women's fighting, collecting of cut-off enemies' tongues, ears and so on.

The bard Ossian sang and told about old times. Everybody was charmed by Ossian's songs, published by MacFerson. Napoleon, Pushkin, Byron and the others liked them very much. Then it turned out that there were no those songs, it was artificial imitation, but it was included in Irish sagas. Some time later the novels about the Knights of the round table appeared, where we can find the influence of the Irish sagas, too.

Check yourself

1. Who were the first people found on British isles?

2. What life did they live?

3. What main occupations did the Picts and the Scots have?

4. What were the Britons and when did they live in Britain?

5. When was Britain a Rome province?

6. What were the effects of Roman occupation?

7. What is the most ancient literature in Europe?

8. When did Irish heroic epos appear?

9. What are bards and sagas?

10. What can you say about Ossian's songs? [8]

Lecture 2 literature of the middle ages

The enormous period of time from the fall of the Rome Empire (V century AD) till the beginning of the bourgeois revolution of the XVIII century is called the Middle Ages.

In the history of literature and art of West Europe they distinguish actually Middle Ages period (V-XV centuries) - the beginning, the development and the blossoming forth of feudalism and its culture and the Age of the Renaissance connected with forming of bourgeois relations, development of towns and cities and creation of new culture.

The Ninth Century with its break-up of tribal structure and an advance to feudalism, in all its course was the century of Alfred the Great. He made great military achievements, he built a fleet of ships which were longer, higher, steadier and faster than Danish ships. He made a lot in the field of education. It was his ambition that all the freeborn youth of England be set to learning until they can well read English writing. At the age of 40 he learned to read Latin in order to translate into his own tongue "some books, which are most needful for all men to know ". Alfred also inspired the collecting and systematic arrangement of the earlier annals and traditions of the English race now known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Mistakes and mistranslation were inevitable but Alfred's literature labours made available to English readers a library on standard works on religion, English history, geography and philosophy.

In 1066 England was conquered by the Normans. All land was now held in feudal service; the services and duties became more regular and definite. For 2 centuries after the Norman conquest, England was ruled by foreign kings. Under their government the Anglo-Saxon and Norman elements gradually welded together.

After the conquest of Normans French became the language of the upper classes and of the government. French was used in Parliament, in [9] law-courts, in all official writings. English was locked down upon as a rude and barbarous tongue and was only heard on the lips of serfs and yeomen or on those who were still proud of the fact that they were native born.

In the XIV century English came into its own again. In 1362 it was ordained that all pleadings in law-courts should be in English, and Parliament was first opened with an English speech. By the end of the century Chaucer had fixed English as the literary language of the country by writing his “Canterbury Tales” in his own tongue.

“The Song of Beowulf” is the only famous example of Anglo-Saxon heroic epos. The Song is based on ancient German legends arisen probably in the Pagan times. The “Song of Beowulf” came down to us in manuscripts in the beginning of the X century.

Beowulf is the main hero of the song, brave, big-hearted, always ready to help people. He fights against the monster, ruled the tribe for 50 years and at last killed the dragon. But the dragon managed to bite him and Beowulf died ordering to divide all treasures extracted from the dragon's cave between the people of the tribe.

The characteristic feature of the song is the topic of treasures and money followed by unhappiness and enmity. The song is full of metaphors, alliterations, allegories, but there is no rhyme.

Answer the following questions

1. What period is called the Middle Ages?

2. What is the Ninth Century famous for?

3. Why was Alfred the Great so popular?

4. What happened in 1066?

5. How long was England ruled by foreign kings?

6. What language did the upper classes speak?

7. When did England come into its own again?

8. Who fixed English as a literary language of the country?

9. What is the example of Anglo-Saxon heroic epos?

10. What was the main hero of the song? [10]