Приложение Letters. Письма.

1. Salutation. Приветствие.

Dear Sir, Madam, Mr. Davis / Dear Jane, Lucy.

2. Reasons for writing. Причина написания.

Letters of apology – с извинениями

Of invitation - приглашение

Of request - просьба

Of information - информация

Of enquiry - запрос и т.д.

3. Main part. – основная часть

4. Final – closing remarks – заключительная часть

5. Signature – подпись, имя.

Yours faithfully, yours sincerely, name: Steven Hill-Director / Best wishes, Love, Yours, Regards, Steve.

Formal letter.

James A. Davis

1007 7 th Avenue (от кого)

New York Y 23300 USA

10 th January 200…

Mr. Frank Phillips

98 Cator Road (кому)

London SE 497 LS

Great Britain

Dear Sir,

I would like to inform you……….

………………..

Thank you for your cooperation.

Yours faithfully,

James A. Davies.

Director

JAD: VA – инициалы директора и инициалы его секретаря, кто печатал письмо.

Informal letter.

46 Broadway

Feb. 24 th.

Dear Jane,

A quick note to help you decide where to hang out over the holidays.

…………

Love Patricia.

Semi-formal

22 Prince Avenue

Horbury.

March 7th 200…

Dear Sir/ Madam/Dear Mr., Mrs. Smith…..

…………

Best wishes

Yours Anna.

Example.

Ms. Roberta Vasnez

The Vasnez Travel Agency

4765 Broadway

New York, YN 10056

Dear Sir or Madam

We intend to purchase a new office copier before the end of the fiscal year. We would like to consider an RFG copier and wonder if you have a model that suits our needs.

…………

We hope to hear from you soon.

Sincerely Yours,

Roberta Vasnez,

The Executive Director.

RV/ca

Тексты для дополнительного чтения для студентов юридического факультета.

Types of Legal Professions.

Solicitors

There are about 50,000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-to-day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates' court.

Barristers

There are about 5,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyers are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level barristers have the title QC (Queen's Counsel).

Judges

There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.

Jury

A jury consists of twelve people ("jurors"), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decides whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.

Topical Vocabulary

Solicitor – поверенный; адвокат (выступающий в судах низшей инстанции)

To make will – составить завещание

Higher court – суд высшей инстанции

Barrister – адвокат (выступающий в высших судах)

To defend – защищать

To prosecute – предъявлять иск

Proceedings – судебное разбирательство (процедура)

Counsel – юрисконсульт

Judge – судья

To preside – председательствовать

Jury – присяжные, жури

To vote – голосовать, избирать

Elections – выборы

Guilty – виновный

Innocent – невиновный

Punishment - наказание

The Court System of England and Wales.

The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates' court. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates.

More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates' courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.

The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).

Topical Vocabulary

Magistrate’s court – мировой суд

Criminal case – уголовное дело

Civil case – гражданское дело

A magistrate – мировой судья

The Crown Court – суд короны

Country court – суд графства

Appeal – аппеляция, жалоба

Justice – правосудие

Juvenile court – суд по делам несовершеннолетних

Offender – правонарушитель

Coroner’s court – коронерский суд

Violent – насильственный

Fair decision – справедливое решение

Judges in Great Britain.

In Britain, the vast majority of judges (that is, the people who decide what should be done with people who commit crimes) are unpaid. They are called "Magistrates", or "Justices of the Peace" (JPs). They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they have "sound common sense" and understand their fellow human beings. They give up time voluntarily.

A small proportion of judges are not Magistrates. They are called "High Court Judges" and they deal with the most serious crimes, such as those for which the criminal might be sent to prison for more than a year. High Court Judges, unlike Magistrates, are paid salaries by the State and have considerable legal training.

Magistrates are selected by special committees in every town and district. Nobody, not even the Magistrates themselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area. The committee tries to draw Magistrates from as wide a variety of professions and social classes as possible.

Topical Vocabulary

Judge – судья

To commit a crime – совершить преступление

Legal training – юридическая подготовка

High Court Judges – судьи высшего суда

Committee – комитет, комиссия

To select – выбирать

To deal with – иметь дело (заниматься)

The System of Government.

The American System of Government

The governmental systems in the United States are federal, state, county and local.

There are several basic principles which are found at all levels of American government. One of these is the "one person, one vote" principle which says that legislators are elected from geographical districts directly by the voters. Under this principle, all election districts must have about the same number of residents.

Another fundamental principle of American government is that because of the system of checks and balances, compromise in politics is a matter of necessity, not choice. For example, the House of Representatives controls spending and finance, so the President must have its agreement for his proposals and programs. He cannot declare war, either, without the approval of Congress. In foreign affairs, he is also strongly limited. Any treaty must first be approved by the Senate. If there is no approval, there's no treaty. The rule is "the President proposes, but Congress disposes." What a President wants to do, therefore, is often a different thing from what a President is able to do.

Topical Vocabulary

Government – правительство

Level – уровень

Legislator – законодатель

District – район

Resident – постоянно проживающий

System of checks and balances – принцип взаимоограничения властей

Spending – расходы

Agreement – согласие

To declare war – объявлять войну

To approve – одобрить

Approval – одобрение

Treaty – договор

To propose – предлагать

To dispose – распоряжаться