Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetiს

ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის მასწავლებელთა განათლების მიმართულების მაგისტრატურის I კურსის სტუდენტის მედეა ლემონჯავას სარეფერატო ნაშრომი თემაზე:

Ilia WavWavaZisa da iakob gogebaSvilis TanamebrZolTa pedagogiuri ideebi ( Sio Citaze, ioseb ocxeli, ivane gomelauri)

2011

Sio CitaZe

Lliterator – kritikosi da publicist – pedagogi Sio aleqsis Ze CitaZe daibada 1873 wels qalaq gorSi, xelmokle xelosnis ojaxSi. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis misaRebad patara Sio 1880 wels mSoblebma goris sasuliero saswavleblis mosamzadebel ganyofilebaSi Seiyvanes.

Sio CitaZe bavSvobidanve gatacebuli iyo mxatvruli literaturiT. igi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi maswavlebel sofrom mgalobliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT daarsebul moswavleTa xelnawer Jurnal “SromaSi,” romlis redaqtoradac 1885 – 1886 saswavlo wels Sio iTvleboda.

G goris sasuliero saswavleblis kursi Sio CitaZem warmatebiT daamTavra 1887 wels. Amis Semdeg igi Tbilisis meore gimnaziaSi abarebs misaReb gamocdebs da mesame klasSi iricxeba. Tbilisis gimnaziaSi Sio CitaZe, klasikur codnasTan erTad, energiulad Seudga TviTganviTarebis gziT farTo ganaTlebis miRebas da aqtiurad Caeba sazogadoebriv – revoluciur moZraobaSi. Misi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdina misma ufrosma Zmam gola CitaZem.Aam ukanasknelis meSveobiT, daukavSirda Sio CitaZe maqsim gorkis da maT wreSi gaerTianebul sxva revolucioner moRvaweebs.

Sio CitaZe gimnaziis wlebSi dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sakiTxiT. gansakuTrebiT, Tvalyurs adevnebda igi Tbilisis saTavadaznauro bankis Taobaze aRZrul uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina ilia WavWavaZesa da ivane maCabels Soris. igi revoluciurad ganwyobil sxva qarTvel moswavle – axalgazrdobastan erTad, ivane maCablis pozicias uWerda mxars.

M miuxedavad imisa, rom Sio Citaze farTod iyo Cabmuli maSindel sazogadoebriv – politikur cxovrebaSi, igi gimnaziaSi saukeTesod swavlobda da didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda.

igi kerZo gakveTilebiT irCenda Tavs, Tumca aseTi pirobebisa, gulmodgine mecadineobis Sedegad, gimnaziis kursi Sio CitaZem oqros medliT daasrula 1892 wels.

kievSi

1892 wels Sio CitaZe moskovis universitetSi Sevida samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad, magram imis gamo, rom mas es ar izidavda, Tavi gaaneba moskovis universitets da kievis universitetis istoria – filologiis fakultetze Cairicxa. Mmale igi qarTvel studentTa saTvistomos gamgeobis Tavmjdomared airCies. Aaq man safuZvliani filologiuri ganaTleba miiRo, aseve Rrmad Seiswavla filosofia da fsiqologia. Amave dros, igi kargad daeufla polonur enas da literatures. jer kidev studentma adam mickeviCis TxzulebaTa garCeva dawera. Studentobis periodSi Sio CitaZe kidev ufro Caeba revoluciur muSaobaSi. igi demonstraciebSi monawileobis gamo dapatimrebulic ki iyo Jandarmeriis mier.

kievSi, sxva qarTvel studentebTan erTad, Sio CitaZes axlo urTierToba Hqonda axali ukrainuli literaturis fuZemdebel mweralTan – lesia ukrainkasTan, romelic taras SevCenkos revoluciur – demokratiuli tradiciebis ganmgrZobi iyo ukrainul literaturaSi.

U universitetis kursi Sio CitaZem brwyinvaled daasrula 1896 – 1897 saswavlo wels. igi, rogorc saukeTeso kursdamTavrebuli da safuZvliani samecniero mozadebis mqone, miwveuli iqna rusuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblad kievis gimnaziebSi, maT Soris fundukleevis cnobil qalTa gimnaziaSi. Sio CitaZe, rogorc metad niWieri, saukeTeso da ukve gamocdili pedagogi, zafxulobiT ganagebda saxalxo skolis maswavlebelTa pedagogiuri kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebs.

N nayofier pedagogiur muSaobasTan erTad, Sio CitaZe kievSi did sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweoda. “igi iyo adgilobrivi wera – kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis” aqtiuri muSaki, misi mdivani da gamgeobis wevri. Tavisi filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri momzadeba Sio CitaZem imdenad gaaafarTova da gaaRrmava, rom sxvadasxva samecniero sazogadoebani da kerZo inteligentTa wreebi leqciebis wasakiTxad iwvevdnen. Aaseve igi xSirad monawileobda kievis universitetis istoria – filologiis fakultetis samecniero sabWos sajaro sxdomebze, romlebic disertaciebis dacvis dros imarTeboda.

Sio CitaZe kievis progresul Jurnal – gazeTebSi sistenaturad aqveynebda Tavis fsiqologiur da literaturul – kritikul statia – narkvevebs.

Tbilisis qarTul gimnaziaSi

1904 wels Sio CitaZe Tbilisis qarTul gimnaziaSi rusuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblad miiwvies. Mmale igi am saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli gaxda.

Tbilisis qarTuli gimnazia ( daarsda 1879 wels, rogorc saTavadaznauro skola ) kerZo saswavlebeli iyo. Aam gimnaziis kursdamTavrebulebs gamocdebi simwifis atestatis misarebad, mTavrobis gimnaziaSi an kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelisgan specialurad gamoyofil komisiaSi unda Caebarebina, rac did ukmayofilebas iwvevda moswavleebSi.

Sio CitaZe, inspeqtoris Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisTanave, Tbilisis qarTul gimnaziaSi mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemis SemoRebasa da swavla – aRzrdis axali pedagogiuri principis damkvidrebas Seudga. Aam mizniT, aamoqmeda gimnaziis pedagogiuri koleqtivi, SeimuSava “Tbilisis saTavadaznauro skolis sasurveli reorganizaciis” cnobili proeqti, gamoaqveyna igi presasi da warudgina skolis gamge – koleqtivs gansaxilvelad da dasamtkiceblad. igi moiTxovda, qarTuli gimnaziis damoukideblobas da uflebrivad mTavrobis gimnaziebTan gaTanasworebas, yvela sagansi mSobliur enaze swavlebis ganxorcielebas. Aaseve maswavlebelTa pedagogiuri kvalifikaciis amaRlebisTvis zrunvas, maTi xelfasis gadidebas da materialuri uzrunvelyofis gaumjobesebas. Misi moTxovnebi met – naklebad dakmayofilda.

qarTul gimnaziaSi muSaobis periodSi Sio CitaZis iniciativiT da uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT, moewyo 1905 wels mowinave maswavlebelTa yriloba TbilisSi, sadac igi axal principebze agebul “Tavisufal skolas” moiTxovda. Yyrilobas, Tbilisis qarTuli gimnaziisa da saqalaqo saswavleblebis maswavleblebis garda, quTaisis, goris, baTumisa da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis maswavleblebic eswrebodnen. Yrilobaze Sio CitaZem mSromel xalxTa uuflebo mdgomareobaze gaamaxvila yuradReba da sastikad amxila mefisdroindeli skolisa da swavla – aRzrdis maxinji mxareebi.

Sio CitaZe iyo social – federalistTa partiis wevri da misi organoebis – “cnobis furclisa” da “Sromis” saredaqcio kolegiis wevri da mudmivi TanamSromeli. igi carizmis winaaRmdeg Seurigebel brZolaSi iyo Cabmuli.

1906 wels Tbilisis qarTuli gimnaziis Senobidan viRacam policmeisters, martinovs yumbara esrola da daWra igi. Ees SemTxveva sruliad sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom carizmis oxrankis agentebs, romlebic Casafrebulebi iyvnen gimnaziis inspeqtors, sruliad udanaSaulo Sio CitaZe ganukiTxavad mxecuri wamebiT moeklaT gimnaziis SenobaSi, missave sacxovrebel binaSi. qarTuli gimnazia ki moralurad da materialurad miwasTan gasworebuli da barbarosulad dangreul – aoxrebuli darCa.

Ppublicistur – literaturuli moRvaweoba

Sio CitaZe ara marto politikri moazrovne da publicist – Jurnalisti iyo, aramed mxatvruli literaturis TvalsaCino kritikos – istorikosic. igi safuZlianad icnobda dasavleT evropis, rusul da qarTul literatures da filosofias. Misi kritikuli istoriul – literaturuli narkvevebidan, aRsaniSnavia “maqsim gorki da misi Semoqmedeba,” “anton Cexovis saxsovrad,” “nicSes ideali,” “udroobis msxverpli”. Masve ekuTvnis saintereso statiebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb: “mwuxris mgosani” da “samwuxaro movlena”.

Sio CitaZe did yuradRebas aqcevda sazogadoebriv – kulturuli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos. erT werilSi, romelic “dramatuli sazogadoebis sayuradRebod” aris dabeWdili, igi sagangebod ayenebda sakiTxs qarTvel msaxiobTa specialur – Teoriuli momzadebis donis amaRlebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb da saxavda saTanado RoniZiebebsac. saerTod, Sio CitaZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda dramaturgiisa da Teatraluri Semoqmedebis sakiTxebs. Am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia, misi werili “ibsenis dramis gmirebi da pirovnebis Tavisebureba,” …da Teatraluri recenziebi – “qarTuli warmodgenebi,” “uriel akosta,” “roza berandisi” da sxv.

Sio CitaZis pedagogiuri Sexedulebani

Sio CitaZes mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili saqarTveloSi pedagogiuri azrovnebis ganvitarebaSi. is praqtikul – pedagogiur muSaobasTan erTad, Teoriul – pedagogikur muSaobasac eweoda.

ZiriTadi Teoriuli sakiTxi, romelsac aSuqebda Sio CitaZe Tavis pedagogikur nawerebSi, aRzrdis procesis bunebisa da aRmzrdelis rolis gaTvaliswinebaSi mdgomarebda. Am problemis gadawyvetas igi Tanamedrove fsiqologiisa da pedagogikis mecnieruli monacemebis safuZvelze cdilobda. Fsiqologia Seaswavlis pedagogs adamianis “sulis cxovrebas,”mis Sinagan samyaros.

A adamiani ori nawilisgan Sedgeba – werda Sio CitaZe – erTia misi fizikuri sxeuli, romelic xilulia, xolo meore – misi “suli,” romelic uxilavia. maT Soris mWidro kavSiria. Oriveni mTlianobaSi da obieqturad arseboben, amitom Sio CitaZis fsiqologiuri koncefciiT, adamianis “suli” iseve SeiZleba iqnas Seswavlili, rogorc misi sxeuli. aRsazrdelis cnobierebis gagebisTvis pedagogs fsiqologia exmareba.

M msjelobis am niadagze, Sio CitaZis winaSe ismeboda ZiriTadi filosofiur – fsiqologiuri problema. Rogoria adamianis cnobierebis buneba da rogor Cndeba masSi axal – axali Sinaarsi?

Sio CitaZe jon lokisa da mis TanamoazreTa empiristul – sensualisturi fsiqologiis brma mimdevari ar iyo. misTvis naTeli iyo, rom adamianis suli sufTa dafa ki ar aris, aramed rTuli aparatia, romelic TandaTan ivseba axal – axali STabeWdilebebiT da adamianis cnobierebaSi gadamuSavdebian.mas miaCnia, rom adamianis cnobierebis Sinaarsi qaosi ki ar aris, aramed SemuSavebul warmodgenaTa mowesrigebuli da Segnebuli “gaerTianeba.”

igi ar ugulvebelhyofs aRzrda – ganaTlebis rols adamianis cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi, Tumca fiqrobs, rom umeteswilad es damokidebulia TviT adamianis bunebaze da xelovnurad maTi Seqmna SeuZlebelia.

M misi azriT, yvelaze Zneli xelovneba aRzrdis xelovnebaa, radgan aRmzrdels rTul arsebasTan aqvs saqme, amitom saWiroa, bunebrivi niWi, Semoqmedeba da codna SeerTdnen, raTa cocxali arseba ar damaxinjdes da iseTi saxe miiros, romelic bunebam Canerga mis siRrmeSi. Mmaswavleblobis pedagogiuri moRvaweobis unari da bavSvis Sinagani samyaros Rrma codna pedagogiuri muSaobis warmatebis sawindaria.

M maswavleblis pedagogiuri muSaoba skolaSi xorcieldeba. Aamitom skola, Sio CitaZes, me – 18 saukunis Cexi pedagogis komenskis msgavsad, “xelovanis samuSao oTaxad” miaCnda, sadac adamianis sulma unda miiRos Sesaferi forma da Sinaarsi.

zogadi ganaTlebis saSualo skolis arsebiT amocanas, CitaZis azriT, Seadgens is, rom axalgazrdebs misces iseTi codna, romelic uzrunvelhyofs maT mier bunebisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanonebis gagebas. Upiratesobas im codnas aniWebda, romelic gaacnobs maT adamianTa cxovrebas, radgan axalgazrdebisTvis es gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre dedamiwis mizidulobis an saaTis isris qanaobis kanoni.

skolaSi swavlebis daaxloeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da bunebasTan, xels uwyobs moswavleTa ukeT momzadebas maTi momavali praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis, rac moswavleebSi swavlisadmi motivaciis amaRlebas iwvevs. swavlebis procesis fsiqologiur safuZvels, Sio CitaZis pedagogikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, swored interesis gamowveva moswavleebSi warmoadgens. Magram interess swavlaSi mravali faqtori iwvevs, rogoria swavlebis Sinaarsi, misi masala. swavla maSin aris saintereso, rodesac igi akmayofilebs bavSvis bunebriv wyurvils,upirvelesad, codnisas. rodesac igi SesZens axal faqtebs, romelnic afarToveben adamianis codnis, grZnobis da nebis wres.

swavlebis Sinaarsi zogadi ganaTlebis saSualo skolaSi zustad unda Semoifarglos da ar damZimdes wvrilmanebiT, aramed Seicavdes “sagnidan arsis amoRebas” da uzrunvelhyofdes “mis jerovnad Seswavlas.”

moswavleTa interess swavlaSi, Sio CitaZis azriT, aranakleb iwvevs da aZlierebs agreTve maswavlebeli da mis mier swavlebis procesis sworad warmarTva skolaSi. Mmaswavlebeli swavlebisas mxolod maSin gamoiwvevs moswavleTa interess, rodesac igi swavlebis mecnierul Sinaars bunebrivad Seufardebs moswavleTa momzadebis dones da asakobriv Taviseburebas. Mmagram mxolod es ar aris sakmarisi. amasTan erTad maswavlebeli valdebulia swavlebis Sinaarsi Tanmimdevrobisa da sistematurobis principis safuZvelze miawodos moswavleebs.

Sio CitaZe Tvlida, rom miRebul codnas maSin aqvs myari safuZveli da advilad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi , rodesac igi ara dazepirebiT, formalurad, aramed Segnebulad, dakvirvebiTa da SromiT aris mopovebuli. Ddid mniSvnelobas aniWebda TvalsaCinoebis principis gamoyenebas swavlebaSi.

A amave dros, Sio CitaZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom swavlebis procesis racionalizacia, swavlebis xarisxis amaRleba arsebiTad aris damokidebuli skolaSi mSobliur enaze swavlebis ganxorcielebaze, radgan misi azriT, xalxi da skola ganuyofelia. skola aris erTi didi mxare xalxis cxovrebisa, misgan sazrdoobs da cxovrobs. Yyovel erovnebas Tavisi skola unda hqondes: qarTvels – qarTuli, polonels – polonuri da sxva. Ees aucilebeli pirobaa ara marto imitom, rom erovnul niadagze agebuli skola daicavs erovnebis fizionomias, aramed umTavresad imitom, rom swavleba, ganaTlebis miReba da ganviTareba ufro advilia mSobliur enaze.

A amrigad, bavSvTa bunebis, maTi asakobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba swavlebaSi, swavlebis Sinaarsis safuZvliani gardaqmna mecnierul moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, namdvili saxalxo skolis Seqmna, mSobliur enaze swavlebis ganxorcieleba; TvalsaCino, sistematur – Tanmimdevruli da Segnebuli swavleba, swavlebis procesSi interesisa da stimulis gamowveva – gaZliereba moswavleebSi da maswavleblis SemoqmedebiTi pedagogiuri muSaoba – ai, is ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, romlebzec agebuli unda iyos, Sio CitaZis azriT, swavleba skolaSi.

Sio CitaZe Tvlida, rom skolaSi miRebuli swavla – ganaTleba srulad ver uzrunvelhyofs yvela im moTxovnis Sesrulebas, romlebsac axalgazrdobas cxovreba uyenebs. amitom axalgazrdebisTvis aucilebelia skolis gareSe farTo ganaTlebis miRebac. Aam mizans emsaxureba skolis gareSe sakiTxavi literatura. skolisa da maswavleblis valia, SeaCvion axalgazrdoba wignis damoukidebel, sistematur kiTxvas, gansakuTrebiT ki specialurad SerCeul maRalideur da moraluri Rirsebebis literaturis kiTxvas.

Sio CitaZe sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevda axalgazrdobis zneobrivi aRzrdis sakiTxebs. igi zneobriv aRzrdas aRiarebda mTliani pedagogiuri procesis ZiriTad da organul nawilad. zneobrivi aRzrdis ZiriTad saSualebas, Sio CitaZis azriT, warmoadgens wigni, gansakuTrebiT mxatvruli literatura, romelic obieqturad asaxavs adamianTa cxovrebis realur suraTebs. Mmxatvruli literatura zneobrivad afaqizebs adamians, amaRlebs da akeTilSobilebs mis suls, aZlierebs cxovrebisadmi siyvaruls da pativiscemas.

rogorc vxedavT, Sio CitaZe klasSi da klasgareSe sakiTxav literaturas ara mxolod saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas aniWebda, aramed mas bavSvTa moraluri aRzrdis uZlieres saSualebadac aRiarebda.