Раздел 4. Лингвострановедческий комментарий.

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Perfect Progressive

констатация факта

процесс

завершенность

процесс уже в течение некоторого периода времени

Present

V, V-s

I write

Я пишу (часто).

a m

is V-ing

are

I am writing

Я пишу (сейчас)

have

has V₃

_{I have written}

_{Я написал (уже, сегодня, только что)}

have

has been

V-ing

I have been writing

Я пишу (с 2 часов, уже час)

Past

V-ed, V₂

I wrote.

Я (на)писал (вчера, 2 дня тому назад)

was

V- ing

were

I was writing.

Я писал (вчера в 3 часа, когда он вошел).

had V₃

I had written.

Я написал (вчера к 3 часам, до того, как он пришел).

had been V-ing

I had been writing.

Я писал (уже 2 часа, когда он пришел).

Future

will (shall) V

I will (shall) write.

Я напишу (буду писать) завтра.

will (shall) be V-ing

I will (shall) be writing.

Я буду писать (завтра в 3 часа).

will (shall) haveV₂

I will (shall) have written.

Я напишу (завтра к 3 часам, до того как он придет).

will (shall) have been V-ing

I will (shall) have been writing.

Я буду писать (завтра уже 3 часа, когда он придет).

Положительная степень

Сравнительная степень

Превосходная степень

Односложные (и некоторые двусложные) прилагательные и наречия

old (старый)

older (старше)

the oldest (самый старый)

big

bigger

the biggest

hard

harder

the hardest

easy

easier

the easiest

2.Многосложные прилагательные и наречия. Наречия с окончанием – ly

difficult

more (less) difficult

most (least) difficult

beautifully

more (less) beautifully

most (least) beautifully

3. Прилагательные и наречия, образующие степени сравнения от разных основ

good хороший

better лучше

best самый лучший

well хорошо

best лучше всего

bad плохой

worse хуже

worst самый плохой

badly плохо

worst хуже всего

much, many много

more больше

most наибольший

most больше всего

little маленький

less меньше

least наименьший

little мало

least меньше всего

far дальний, далекий

farther более далекий

further более дальний

farthest самый дальний

furthest самый далекий

far далеко

farther дальше

further дальше

farthest дальше всего

furthest дальше всего

а) than – чем

He can draw better than I can

Он может рисовать лучше, чем я.

b) as…,as… – такой же, как

It is as broad, as it is long.

As wet as a fish.

Что в длину, что в ширину.

Мокрый как рыба.

c) not so… as – не такой, как…

The Moskva river is not so long as the Volga.

Москва-река не такая длинная, как Волга.

d) the…the…– чем…тем…

The sooner the better.

Чем скорее, тем лучше.

Tense

Active

Passive

Present Simple

V –V_s

We speak English here.

Мы говорим по-английски здесь.

am/is/are + V₃

English is spoken here

Здесь говорят по-английски.

Past Simple

V_ed –V₂

They built a house in 1995.

Они построили дом в 1995 году.

was/were + V₃

The house was built in 1995.

Дом был построен в 1995.

Future Simple

will/shall + V

He will send a letter.

Он пошлет письмо.

will/shall be + V₃

The letter will be sent.

Письмо будет отослано.

Present Perfect

Have/has + V₃

I have written

a test.

Я написал контрольную (тест)

Have/has been + V₃

The test has been written.

Тест был написан.

Past Perfect

had + V₃

They had done the work before we came. Они выполнили работу до

того, как мы пришли.

had been + V₃

The work had been done before we came. Работа была выполнена до того, как мы пришли.

Future Perfect

will/shall have + V₃

They will have passed the exam by that time tomorrow. Они сдадут экзамен к этому времени завтра.

will/shall have been + V₃

The exam will have been passed by that time tomorrow. Экзамен будет сдан к этому времени завтра.

Present Progressive

am/is/are + V_ing

They are staging a new play.

Сейчас они ставят новую пьесу.

am/is/are being + V₃

The play is being staged.

Сейчас ставится новая пьеса.

Past Progressive

was/were + V_ing

We were staging a new play when he came. Мы ставили новую пьесу, когда он приехал.

was/were being + V₃

A new play was being staged when he came. Ставилась новая пьеса, когда он приехал.

Present

Past

Future

Simple

every day, usually, every year, seldom…

yesterday, last time, last year, a week ago, when?

tomorrow, next time, in a week…

I

you play

we write

they

he plays

she writes

I

you played

we wrote

they

he

she

I

we___shall_

you play they will write

he

she

I

you play?

Do we write?

they

Does he play?

she write?

I

you write?

we

Did they

he play ?

she

I

Shall we play?

you write?

Will he

she

they

I

you

we do not write

they he does not

she play

I

you

we

they did not play

he

she

I

we shall not

you play

he will not write

she

they

Perfect (have + 3 форма глагола)

today, this week,(month, year), already, never, yet, recently, since (then)

Last Monday, by 5 o’clock, by the end of…, when (before) he came

By this time next Monday, as soon as he comes

I

we

you have played

they

he

she has written

I

he

she

we had written

you

they

I

we shall have written

he

she will have played

you

they

Has he

she played?

Have you

we written?

they

I

he

Had she played?

you written?

we

they

Shall I

we have

played?

Will he have

she

you written?

they

I

we

you have not

they played

he has not

she written

I

he

she had not played

we

you

they

I

we shall not

he have played

she will not

you have written

they

Present

Past

Future

S I M P L E

every day, usually, every year, seldom…

yesterday, last time, last year, a week ago, when?

tomorrow, next time, in a week…

I

you play

we write

they

he plays

she writes

I

you played

we wrote

they

he

she

I

we___shall_

you play they will write

he

she

I

you play?

Do we write?

they

Does he play?

she write?

I

you

we

Did they write?

he play ?

she

I

Shall we play?

__________

you

Will he write?

she

they

I

you

we do not write

they he does not play

she

I

you

we

they did not play

he

she

I

we shall not play

you

she

he will not write

they

at this moment, now

at this moment yesterday, at 5 o’clock, when he came

tomorrow at this time, this time next Monday

P R O G R E S S I V E (be + ing-form)

I am

he

she is playing

we

you are writing

they

I

he was

she playing

we

you were writing

they

I

we shall

he

she will be playing

you be writing

they

Is he

she playing

Are you

we writing

they

Was I

he

she playing

Were you writing

we

they

Shall I

we be playing

Will he

she

you be writing

they

I am not

he

she is not

playing

we

you are not

they writing

I

he was not

she playing

we

you were not

they writing

I

we shall not

he

she will not be

you playing

they

Modal verb

(present, past,

future)

equivalent

meaning

example

can/could

to be able

разрешение или возможность

физическую возможность

You can see him tomorrow.

Ты можешь увидеть его завтра.

He can speak English.

Он может говорить по-английски.

may/might

to be allowed

разрешение или возможность

May I come in?

Можно войти?

should

рекомендация

You should have another look at the text. Тебе следует еще раз взглянуть на текст.

must

have to

обязанность

I must do it at once.

Я должен сделать это немедленно.

need (to)

необходимость

You needn’t worry.

Вам не нужно (вы не должны) волноваться.

to be to

спланированное действие

We are to take our exam on June 20. Мы должны сдать экзамен 20 июня.

have to

вынужден

I have to stay at home.

Я должен остаться дома.

mustn’t

запрещение

May I read it? – No, you mustn’t. Можно прочитать это? Нельзя.

need not

не нужно

You must go but you needn’t take the case. Вы должны идти, но не нужно брать этот чемодан.