Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова “that”.

1. The deformation that can be allowed in the bar depends on what it is used for.

2. Beams can withstand any unit stress that does not break them.

3. The action of shear unit stresses is complex compared to that of the axial unit stresses.

4. That was an allowable deformation.

5. They know that unit stress causes failure.

6. They used that metal bar with a square cross section.

7. That failure depends upon the material that is used is natural.

8. Beams fail at a unit stress that causes plaster cracking.

9. This material is better than that one.

10. The unit stress that causes failure can be determined for various materials.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие группы существительных:

metal bar, square cross section, failure strength, plaster cracking, shear unit stress, construction project, stress change, tension degree, steel invention, iron rod, plaster ceiling problem, brick layer, design procedure, building maintenance.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующие числительные:

862; 6076; 200,000; 373,200; 1,270,480; 12.05.2005; 597; 734; 10,754; 31.12.1998.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите количественные числительные и образуйте от них порядковые:

25; 87; 3; 32; 91; 14; 43; 75; 11; 68; 21; 15;

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения с конструкцией the… the…:

1. The more we learn now the better engineers we will be.

2. The harder (hard – трудный) the problem the more interesting it is to solve (решать).

3. The sooner (soon – скоро) you come the better.

4. The more careful (тщательный) engineers are when they design a building the less problems the builders will have in its construction.

Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения с оборотом there + be.

1. Because there is so little deformation, there is no warming.

2. There will be hard problems to solve.

3. There was deformation in the bar.

4. There were beams which could withstand any unit stress.

5. There are beams which support a plaster ceiling.

Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами.

1. They could use a material with higher compressive strength

2. The builder must understand construction materials.

3. Each material can function well over a long time.

4. Builders may use different materials.

5. Basic materials must all be described.

Текст B

In the tests which engineers make in order to determine strength they subject a material to a force that increases until the material breaks. These tests take a few minutes. However, in a structure, forces may act for long periods of time, they may act, not act for some time, and act many times, and they may act suddenly with impact or shock.

A material changes slowly when a force acts on it for many years, even though the force is too small and can’t cause failure in a short time. This deformation is creep. The creep may result in failure.

Although a force of a certain amount cannot cause failure no matter how long it acts, it can cause failure if it acts and stops acting many times (hundreds of thousands of times) even if it takes place over a shorter time. Application and removal of unit stress to the structural members of a bridge occurs each time a car goes along it. Failure from this cause is fatigue, and it occurs with very little deformation.

Because there is so little deformation, there is no warning and the break is sudden. However, it begins as a crack and becomes larger over many cycles until it fails. The smaller the unit stress, the more times it must occur to cause failure. There is a unit stress below which the material will not fail at any number of cycles. It is the endurance limit.

Notes:

cycle n. цикл, период

endurance limit предел выносливости, предел усталости

no matter неважно, как бы ни

sudden неожиданный

thousand n. тысяча