Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the difference between the structure of a flat roof and a floor?

2. What kinds of roofing are described in the text?

3. What should be esti­mated in construction of metal roofing?

4. What are the features which characterise metal roofing watertightness?

5. When is concrete roofing more suitable?

6. What kinds of concrete slabs are used for the purpose?

7. What must be done to achieve good thermal insulation of concrete roofing?

8. What must be done to avoid rainwater leakage (протечка) in a concrete roof?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

roofing (n.), galvanised steel, vapour barrier, composite action, longitudinal (adj.), run-off (n.), dew-point (n.), insulate (v.), sheet (n.), slope (v.), vapour (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

стально-каркасное здание, плита из лёгкого бетона, однако, обычно, современный, промежуточный, внимание, обстоятельства, изоляционный слой, средство, балка покрытия, оставаться, поризованный бетон, относительная влажность, потолок, плита бетонного покрытия.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией крыши: её типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует строительному термину.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения и определите функцию глаголов “to be”, “to have”.

1. The upper surface of the roof has to be constructed to a certain fall to assist rainwater run-off.

2. If the building is to be subsequently raised by the addition of one or more storeys the roof should be designed as a normal floor.

3. Many different materials and methods of construction are used for suspended ceilings.

4. Where services have to be installed in this space and may need attention or may have to be altered later, this type of construction is therefore inadequate.

5. This type of construction has many disadvantages.

6. The insulating panels are supplied with various other layers which have been bonded to them.

7. A floor in a framed building is a number of floor bays.

8. Such slabs tend to be very thick and heavy.

9. The roof has to be disturbed only at the points where column splices have to be made.

10. The rest of the roof can be left in position until the additional storeys have been completed.

11. Structural modification is not economically possible.

12. Large loads have to be supported by the roof structure.

Упражнение 2. Задайте общий, альтернативный, разделительный и 5 специальных вопросов к подчёркнутому в тексте А предложению.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите функцию неличных форм глагола.

1. The following considerations are relevant in determining the span to be adopted for the floor slab.

2. The steel work is prefabricated in a factory, structural steelwork mass production techniques being favourable.

3. The concrete must be prevented from drying out too fast because this may cause cracking.

4. Carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry. These steels are cheap and convenient to use

5. The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires, that are called tendons, and to anchor them to the concrete

6. With some types of precast concrete construction, no time is lost in waiting for concrete to gain strength at one level of a structure before the next level can be placed.

7. The planning grid consists of elongated rectangles with columns widely spaced in one direction, closely spaced in the other.

8. In structural steelwork the term “ceiling” means components of the floor structure installed below the slab and beams.

Текст B

ROOF STRUCTURE

To prevent the loss of warmth, the insulating panels are often laid in several layers. In some systems, the insulating panels are supplied with various other layers which have been bonded to them, for example, with the following composition, from top to bottom:

Waterproof layer

Venting layer

Heat insulating layer

Vapour barrier

Venting layer

Such panels can be laid 'dry' and they must be carefully sealed at the joints under dry condi­tions. In this way, a temporary roof covering is obtained, which can be completed later under better weather conditions, by the addition of the finishing layers.

The structural roof slab also provides thermal insulation and is provided with only a waterproof layer. The structural slab itself is subjected to considerable temperature differences which may cause variations in length.

The space between the roof structure and the ceiling may be a factor to consider in designing the roof insulation. If this space is not in effective contact with the air inside the room, the upper layer of air in the cavity may eventually reach a temperature close to that of the outside air, the structural slab becoming saturated with moisture. Slots or holes in the ceiling don’t prevent this effect. On the other hand, it does not occur if the ceiling space is in effective contact with the interior of the room, for example, if the ceiling is formed by slats and large openings.

Notes:

bond v. соединять

later adv. позже

saturate v. пропитывать

venting layer вентиляционный слой

warmth n. тепло

waterproof adj. водонепроницаемый