Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
What is typical with any constructional technique?
What is the first construction technique described?
What is its drawback?
Is there a safer method?
What is it?
What is the second method described?
What is the advantage of this method?
What other method of tying the slabs together is there?
Лексические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?
lift (n.), grout (v.), centre (v.), sequence (n.), adjacent (adj.), position (v.), embed (v.), splice (n.).
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:
класть, устанавливать; в качестве; другой; разрушать; элемент каменной кладки; полезный; эффективный; относительно; устойчивость; размещать; преодолевать; сваривать; скреплять; тянуться; так же … как и …; опускать; надёжный; высотой в этаж.
Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с установкой перекрытий. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.
Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.
Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:
loads space types used ways
Building materials are used in two basic (1)… . In the first way they are used to support the (2)… on a building and in the second way they are used to divide the (3)… in a building. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way in which it is (4)… . We can see how this works by considering three different (5)… of construction.
(продолжение текста в упражнении 5 урока 2.8 стр. 48)
Грамматические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции герундия.
A property particularly connected with concrete is shrinkage caused by loss of water after hardening.
Summer is good for building.
Because of the low tensile strength of concrete, shrinkage when restrained (сдерживать) leads to cracking.
The wet concrete can be transported to its final position on site by pumping.
More fluid concrete mixes are required for pumping.
No wet concrete, after being placed in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5°C or 40°F.
The concrete must be prevented from drying out too fast because this may cause cracking.
A concrete structure may be constructed by casting the concrete in place on the site, by building it of elements cast in some other place or by a combination of the two.
With some types of precast concrete construction no time is lost in waiting for concrete to gain strength at one level of a structure before the next level can be placed.
Special admixtures make hardening faster.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите время и залог глаголов.
Several techniques have been developed for placing the reinforcement as well as grouting.
Grouting is accomplished in full-storey height lifts.
The unreinforced wall possesses relatively little stability and therefore can be easily knocked over when the floor slabs are being placed on it.
The grouting is stopped a short distance below the floor line, dowels are placed in the grout space, and this space is solid grouted after the slabs have been positioned.
This procedure will provide for a continuous uniform bearing.
Other schemes involved the use of steel.
Such slabs do not require a topping.
A topping slab will be poured on top of the filler block to form the finished wearing surface of the tee shape and the floor diaphragm.
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.
To construct a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involves considerable effort.
The structural steel floor comprises the floor slab and the beams to support it.
To achieve this, the supporting beams must be quite closely spaced.
Low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop.
Insulation, which is material with a very low U, is used to make the rate of heat flow as low as possible.
Steels which have higher carbon contents are more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.
To reduce the weight of the slab is the task of an engineer.
The type of concrete mix and the properties of the hardened concrete may be altered. To do that the proportions of the ingredients may be varied, the type of cement and aggregates may be altered and admixtures may be used.
Упражнение 4. Задайте пять разделительных и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту А.
Текст B
TYPES OF FLOOR SYSTEMS
Floor systems not only support the vertical loads but they also serve as the horizontal diaphragms which distribute the lateral forces to the shear walls. There are several different types of floor systems:
Cast-in-place slabs
The simple cast-in-place slab floor system is sometimes used where there are irregular floor designs that would make it difficult to form similar precast units. It provides a good structural tie without requiring any specific type of a joint.
Prestressed elements
Precast prestressed tees are a different type of system. They provide economical long spans giving open space below that can be easily divided with partitions. A topping slab provides both a finished floor surface and a tie, so that the system functions as a diaphragm. This cast-in-place topping slab must be thick enough so that the reinforcement within it can achieve adequate bond to the concrete.
Steel bar joists
The system uses steel bar joists which support a concrete floor slab or a metal deck with a concrete topping surface. It is useful where some space between the ceiling and floor deck above for different kinds of services is required.
Lift-on slab
A lift-on slab, usually of full room size, has proved to be economical and efficient. Such slabs do not require a topping or finish since the floor surface and ceiling finish are part of the slab.
Notes:
lift-on precast slab сборное железобетонное перекрытие, монтируемое методом “lift slab”
steel bar joist решётчатая вспомогательная стальная балка