Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What does a multi-storey building comprise?

2. Where are floors supported?

3. What kinds of forces are transmitted to the foundations?

4. What is the simplest floor shape?

5. How can the weight of the floor slab be reduced?

6. What is typical of in-situ-concrete construction?

7. What does the structural steel floor comprise?

8. Why does construction of a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involve considerable effort?

9. How can low weight of the slab be achieved?

10. What are the general dimensions of an elongated floor bay?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

grillage (n.), junction (n.), intersect (v.), two-way (adj.), elongated (adj.), in-situ (adj.), planning grid, join (v.), space (v.), cavity (n.), framework (n.), one-way (adj.), rib (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

пролёт, передача, типичный, метр, в то время как, как можно ниже, балка, приблизительно, обычно (2), перекрытие, от … до …, горизонтальный, стальная несущая конструкция , один над другим, последний (из перечисленных), выбирать, выделять, характерный, включать, вместе, многоэтажное здание, толстый, значительный.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией перекрытий. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. The Romans sometimes used iron rods to strengthen their buildings.

2. To produce compressive prestress a concrete member can be placed between two abutments, with jacks between its ends and the abutments, and pressure is applied with the jacks.

3. In contrast with cast-in-place concrete construction, precast concrete requires field connections to tie the structure together.

4. To reduce weight, the slab may be formed with internal cavities.

5. In ground of worse bearing quality the separate footings under the walls of a building can be combined to form a single thicker and deeper raft foundation.

6. With a concrete wall additional width is used to support the wall forms while the concrete is poured.

7. Builders mix cement with sand, aggregate and water to make concrete.

8. People build every building project to get a structure which will function for some time.

9. The builder has to understand building materials to produce the satisfactory structure.

10. Sometimes concrete is prestressed mostly in order to prevent cracking.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. The basis of modern production of elements in concrete is hydraulic cement powder, one of the most versatile binders known.

2. An increase in the value of this ratio would produce a concrete with more voids giving lower compressive strength.

3. The fire resistance can be made a little lower by aggregates containing silica.

4. The safest technique used appeared to be the best.

5. In this respect it is usually better than unreinforced masonry.

6. Failure takes place when an object can no longer serve its purpose.

7. Failure unit stress may be smaller than that determined experimentally.

8. The qualities of most fabrics will not become worse in the range of temperatures from at least - 40°C to + 60°C.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обратите внимание на причастия и причастные обороты.

1. The forces acting upon the framework are transmitted to the foundations.

2. A floor in a framed building consists of a number of floor bays.

3. The space required for services is significant in the selection of the arrangement of beams.

4. To make toughened glass its surface, being at a high temperature, is rapidly cooled.

5. At high temperature GRP even moderate stressed can fail with time.

6. The slab, supported at its four corners, transmits the loads to the columns.

Упражнение 4. Задайте пять общих и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту А.

Текст B

TYPES OF FLOOR WITH STEEL BEAMS

The shorter the route taken by a load to its foundations and the fewer the elements involved in the process, the greater the economy of the structure. Nevertheless, the space required for services is significant in the selection of the arrangement of the main and secondary beams, their interrelationship and their depth.

Floor without steel beams The flat concrete slab, supported at its four corners, transmits the loads directly to the columns. With long spans the slab is very heavy. Therefore, this form of construction can be used only in combination with closely spaced columns.

Floors with one-way beam systems The floor beams are supported directly by the columns. The force transmission routes being short, this is an economical solution. The planning grid consists of elongated rectangles with columns widely spaced in one direction, closely spaced in the other.

Floors with beams in two directions If the columns are widely spaced in both grid directions, the loads from the secondary beams are transmitted to main beams which, in turn, transmit them to the columns. The forces thus have to pass farther than in the examples given above. In general, it is better to keep the span of the main beams shorter than that of the secondary beams.

For very long spans it may be necessary to support the main beams on a third set of members, such as lattice girders, which finally transmit the loads to the columns.

Notes:

interrelationship n. взаимоотношение, взаимосвязь

rectangle n. прямоугольник