Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What kind of a foundation wall is a common problem in the design of building foundations?

2. Where does this problem occur?

3. When are column loads light?

4. When are column loads large?

5. When is usually the wall designed as a spanning element?

6. How is the total footing load estimated in the example?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

estimate (n.), row (n.), multi-storey (adj.), exterior (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

группа; случай; пролёт; этаж; возможность; каркасная конструкция; часть; местоположение; потенциал; натяжения; (лицевая) поверхность;

состоять из; передавать; происходить; требовать; решать; нуждаться; поддерживать; увеличивать; соединять; делить; проектировать;

другой; глубокий; лёгкий; неглубокий; несколько; различный; обычный; допустимый; общий; широкий;

в качестве; между; вдоль; сам по себе; согласно; таким образом; однако; так как; также; как .

Упражнение 3. Перечислите термины, характеризующие фундаменты: их типы, свойства и особенности, которые описаны в уроках 2.1 -2.4. Дайте их перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие сокращения:

°C; ft²; in²; kPa; lb; psi; °F; k; MPa; psf.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. The stiff wall then is bearing not on its own footing but has tendency to span between the larger footings.

2. It becomes necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata.

3. Concrete must be allowed to cure.

4. To overcome GRP flexibility is the purpose of double skin panels.

5. Wood is a very good material to cut and work.

6. GRP will creep, that is it will continue to deflect, if there is a permanent load on it.

7. When it is decided to build a structure an architect is asked to design the building project.

8. The materials to be selected by the builder will function under different conditions.

9. It is difficult to concrete a thin wall because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

10. The decision to use deep foundations should be done by building designers.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сравнительный оборот the … the … .

1. The shorter the route taken by a load to its foundations and the fewer the elements involved in so doing, the greater the economy of the structure.

2. The larger a square footing is, the more of the wall it supports.

3. The more the compressive force is the shorter a rubber band subjected to it becomes.

4. The higher thermal conductivity of the material is the lower is the rate of heat movement which takes place by conduction through any solid object that separates areas of different tempera­tures.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.

1. If beams which support a roof can’t withstand loads that they have to carry they will break.

2. If the beam itself didn’t have sufficient strength to counterbalance the weight it support from above it would fail.

3. It would become necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata if the soil at the bottom of the building were not adequate for the load transfers.

4. If a force remains constant, the actual unit stress will change with the change of the cross section.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I и II. Определите функцию причастий.

1. While choosing the type of foundation for a building, designers should consider the soil structure on the site.

2. Applying a film or coating to a fabric we can improve its properties.

3. Significantly reduced cost of cast-in-place concrete was achieved by the constant re-use of formwork.

4. Tendons placed along the centroidal axis are rare.

5. When applied to the beam, loads produce both tensile and compressive stresses at the middle of the span.

6. Welding the steel members the builders made the connection strong.

7. The materials used allowed minimum work on the site.

8. Materials having very low density are used for thermal insulation.

Текст B

USE OF PEDESTALS

There are many cases in which a short compression element, called a pedestal, is used as a transition between a footing and some supported element. Some of the purposes for pedestals are the following:

• If the bearing area on the top of the footing is widened, the pedestal will achieve a reduction in the shear and bending stresses in the footing, permitting the use of a thinner footing.

• To permit the use of a lower-strength concrete in the footing, it may be possible to use a pedestal with a strength that is transitional between the column and the footing.

• The use of a pedestal may allow the doweling of large column-reinforcing bars within the pedestal height. The pedestal reinforcing may then be done with bars.

• When the bottom of the footing must be some distance below the ground surface, a pedestal may be used in order to keep vulnerable elements above ground.

Pedestals of masonry or concrete are essentially short columns. When carrying major loads, they should be designed as reinforced columns with required vertical reinforcement, ties, and dowels. When loads are light and the pedestal height is less than three times the thickness, however, they may be designed as unreinforced elements. If built of hollow masonry units (concrete blocks, etc.) they should have the voids completely filled with concrete.

Notes:

bearing area опорная поверхность, опорная площадь

bending stress напряжение при изгибе

pedestal n. подколонник

reduction n. снижение, уменьшение, ослабление

transitional adj. переходный