Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. How are structures built on the ground?

2. Who must ensure that settle­ment is uniform and small?

3. What does differential settling results in?

4. How is the simplest type of foundation made?

5. How is the foundation made in ground of worse bearing quality?

6. Who was the raft developed by?

7. What are the characteristics of modern foundations?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в первом абзаце текста причастие I. Определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Какие времена использованы в тексте?

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте модальные глаголы и их заменители. Переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

series (n.), spread (v.), box (n.), superstructure (n.), settlement (n.), rock (n.), settle (v.),basement (n.), bear (v.), raft foundation.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

base n - base v. - basement n.

separate adj. - separate v.

Урок 2.2 Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

["RkI'tekCqrql]; [kwaIt]; ['elIveIt]; ['lxtqrql]; [q"kjHmjV'leISqn]; ['relqtIvlI]; ['xkCVqlI]; [pq'tenSql]; [dI'skraIb]; [bI'lqV]; [sOIl]; [kqn'sIdqrqbql]; [Ig'zWt]; [djH]

B

Текст A

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

FIGURE 1

Shallow foundation is the term usually used when the type of foundation that trans­fers vertical loads by direct bearing on soil strata close to the bottom of the building and a relatively short distance below the ground surface is described. There are three basic forms of shallow foundations: the continuous, strip, wall footing; the individual column or pier footing; and the mat or raft foundation. Figure 1 shows a number of elements generally used in bearing foundation systems.

Foundation walls are typically built of concrete or masonry. The structural and architectural functions of foundation walls vary, depending on the type of foundation, the size of the building, climate and soil conditions, and whether or not they form a basement.

With no basement the walls are not actually walls. A principal difference relates to the construction of the building floor, whether it consists of a framed structure elevated above the ground, or concrete placed directly on the ground.

When a basement is required foundation walls are usually quite high. In a half-basement the basement floor is only a short distance below grade and the part of the basement wall above ground may be of different construction than that extending into the ground. If the basement floor is a significant distance below grade, major soil pressure will be exerted horizontally against the outside of the wall. In such a case the wall will function as a spanning element supported laterally by the footing or the basement floor at its lower end and by the building floor at its top. For buildings with multilevel basements, walls may become quite massive due to the accumulation of vertical load and the potential for considerable lateral soil pressure.

Notes:

accumulation n. накопление

continuous footing ленточный фундамент

half-basement n. полуподвал

multilevel adj. многоуровневый, многоэтажный

pier footing столбчатый фундамент