Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What are foundations?

2. What are the main important factors in foundation design?

3. What is the most common material in foundations?

4. What is the difference between shallow bearing foundations and deep foundations?

5. What are the most common types of shallow foundations?

6. What is a raft?

7. When do builders utilize the resistance of lower soil strata?

8. What do they do in this case?

9. What do we call “piles” and “piers”?

10. Where are piles and piers used?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

pad (n.), bearing foundation, pile (n.), float (v.), utilize (v.), deep foundation, shallow foundation, internal (adj.), stratum (n.), distance (n.), bearing (n.), strip (n.), column footing, raft (n.), leg (n.), shaft (n.), wall footing, drive (v.), pier (n.), transition (n.), bedrock (n.), stilt (n.), structural action, transfer (n.), footing (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

природа, характер; конструкция; грунт (2); тип; устойчивость; область, сфера; усилие, сила; деформация, напряжение; основание; слой, пласт; стоимость;

иметь место, случаться; состоять (из); достичь, получить; поддерживать; влиять на; использовать; добиваться чего-либо; включать в себя; становиться; отливать, бетонировать;

глубокий; достаточный; просто; непосредственно, прямо; обычный; только; основной (2); желательный; необходимый; несколько; высокий;

затем; который; это; для того чтобы; для; такой; иногда; между; из-за; и т.д.; рядом с; под, ниже.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с фундаментом: его назначением, типами и особенностями этих типов. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия I.

1. Wall and column footings, consisting of concrete strips are the most common types of shallow foundations.

2. Concrete strips are poured directly on the ground supporting structural elements of the building.

3. Stresses acting on the cross-sectional area parallel to the direction of the force are called shear unit stresses.

4. The supporting members are glued-laminated timbers.

5. A steel rod having a cross section 0.5 in² can carry more than 40 men.

6. Foundations are elements affecting a transition between the building and the ground.

7. Builders producing concrete can pump, or spray it into all kinds of shapes.

8. Glass is a strong material in compression providing its full strength in tension.

9. A film or coating is usually applied to a fabric improving its properties.

10. Construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately giving faster completion times.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого.

1. Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete.

2. The two fundamental types of foundations were bearing foundations and deep foundations.

3. When not bearing on rock, piers are usually made wider at their ends.

4. Shallow foundation for the house is being built now.

5. Its mechanical properties are altered by the ground water.

6. Their strength will have been achieved by the end of the work.

7. The Romans used their hydraulic concrete to place very heavy foundations.

8. They are generally produced as sheet, partly because they can be easily changed in shape.

9. By that time the foundation will have been built.

10. In this way tall structures have been successfully built.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

1. Occasionally, several structural elements of the building may be supported by a single large footing.

2. Cast-in-place reinforced concrete is able to be applied to non-standard areas and shapes.

3. In order to obtain good strength and durability in the long term, concrete must be allowed to cure.

4. After it is placed in its final position, no wet concrete should be at a temperature less than 5°C or 40°F.

5. This period of time is necessary because concrete should gain sufficient strength before it has to support itself.

6. A thin wall is difficult to concrete if it must be cast vertically because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

7. These laminations can be used straight in columns or beams and can be bent to form arches.

8. This may require going all the way down to bedrock.

9. Wall footings are to consist of concrete strips and pads poured directly on the ground.

10. Piles may also be simply driven until their surfaces develop sufficient skin friction with the soil.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию “it”.

1. Engineers don’t design to stress a material to the point where it will fail.

2. We obtained unit stress by dividing the force by the area on which it acts and show it as pounds per square inch.

3. It is important to know the nature of the ground.

4. It is a mixture of limestone and clay.

5. Sometimes it becomes necessary to utilize the strength of the bedrock.

6. Concrete has many characteristics that make it a constructional material.

Текст B

FOUNDATIONS

Structures are built on the ground, either directly on rock at or near the surface or on soil lying over rock at some depth. Foundations on soil usually settle to some extent, and builders must ensure that this settlement is uniform and small. Differential settling of the various parts of the structure results in cracking and damage of the fabric.

In the simplest type of foundation on soil, the footing, the topsoil is removed and a layer of concrete a little wider than the wall or pier which it is to support is placed on the ground. In ground of worse bearing quality the separate footings under the walls of a building can be combined in order to form a single thicker and deeper raft foundation. Under a footing the pressure that is caused by the weight of the superstructure is spread into the soil under it, and the advantage of a raft is that the pressure is spread into a much greater volume and depth of ground than it is under a series of individual footings and this reduces the settlement. The raft was developed by the Romans, who used their hydraulic concrete when they placed very heavy foundations, of this type. Modern raft foundations achieve their strength more from reinforcement than great thickness, and under large buildings are often constructed as a series of boxes in which the walls also serve as a basement.

Notes:

differential settling неравномерная осадка

hydraulic concrete гидротехнический бетон

topsoil n. верхний слой почвы