Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How have fabric structures been used?

2. What are the important characteristics of fabric structures?

3. Why do fabric structures differ (отличаться) from most of the other building structures?

4. What are fabrics made of?

5. Why is coating applied to fabric?

6. How is fabric reinforced?

7. What is the strength of fabrics?

8. What are the problems of fabrics made from synthetic materials?

9. What does plasticity of fabric mean?

10. What does dimensional stability of a coated fabric mean?

11. How do high temperatures influence fabric?

12. How do low temperatures influence it?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найди их правильный перевод в списке В.

II семестр Урок 2.1 Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[pIq]; ['strRtqm]; ['SxlqV]; ['xdIkwIt]; ['mIqlI]; ['jHtIlaIz]; ['neICq]; [flqVt]; ['ekskqveIt]; [In'tWnl]; ['beqrIN]; ['trxnsfW]; ['nesIsqrI]; [faVn'deISqn]

B

Текст A

BEHAVIOR OF FOUNDATIONS

Foundations are elements that affect a transition between the building and the ground. There are three general areas of importance in foundation design.

1. The nature of the structure that must be supported.

2. The nature of the ground.

3. The structural actions of foundation elements, involving internal stresses and strains and the means by which they achieve the transfer of loads to the ground.

Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete, because of the relative cost of the material and its high resistance to water, rot, etc. The two general types of foundations are shallow bearing foundations and deep foundations. With shallow foundations load transfer occurs near the bottom of the building; with deep foundations it involves soil strata at some distance below the building.

The most common types of shallow foundations are wall and column footings, consisting of concrete strips and pads that are poured directly on the ground directly supporting structural elements of the building. Sometimes several structural elements of the building may be supported by a single large footing. Such a foundation does literally float on the soil and is called a raft.

If the soil at the bottom of the building is not adequate for the load transfers, it becomes necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata. In this case builders have to go all the way down to bedrock, or merely to some more desirable soil layer. In order to accomplish this, the building is simply placed on stilts, or tall legs, in the ground. The two basic types of elements that are used for this are piles and piers. Piles are elements that are driven into the ground. Piers are shafts that are excavated and then filled with concrete.

Notes:

excavate v. рыть, копать

literally adv. буквально

rot n. гниение, гниль