Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the main properties of glass?

2. What are its general characteristics?

3. What can be said about glass durability?

4. What is the difference of glass from other elastic materials?

5. What does tensile strength of glass depend on?

6. What does low thermal conductivity of glass mean?

7. Why can temperature dif­ferences in glass lead to cracking?

8. How may it be overcome?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

annealed glass, concentration (n.), temperature difference, toughened glass, share (v.), manner (n.), rainwater (n.), main (adj.), comparable (adj.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

нагрузка; растягивающее напряжение; растяжение; состояние; растрескивание; сжатие; характеристика; сопротивляемость; поверхность; использование; прочность при сжатии; конструкция; теплопроводность; твёрдость; недостаток;

преодолевать; разрушаться; обеспечивать; находить; заставлять; приводить к; вызывать; означать; зависеть; включать;

долговечный; тонкий; имеющийся; кратковременный; свободный; полный; допустимый; похожий; упругий; хрупкий; вдвое; долговременный; высокий; важный;

чем; такой; почти; другой; часто; хотя; так что; в, внутри; как; также; большинство; иногда; в отличие от; такой как; там; только; поэтому; однако.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные со стеклом: его типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Вам даны четыре термина:

metal

wood

plastic

glass

Выберите из приведённого ниже списка слов те, которые соотносятся с этими терминами:

cast-in-place; toughened; expansion; composite; bar; hardness; resin; dry; welding; prefabricate; moisture; cracking; versatile; alloy; rolled section; brittle; wire; heating; elastic; fireproof; timber; durable; formwork; bond; void; harden; fibre; cure; admixture; corrosion; annealed; deflect; flexibility; reinforcement; laminated; plasticity; stiffness; prestress.

Учтите, что некоторые слова могут не относится ни к одному из указанных терминов или относится к нескольким из них.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы группы Perfect Active and Passive.

1. Before modern cement appeared in the nineteenth century natural cement had been used.

2. After the initial set of the concrete it has been allowed to cure in controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.

3. These forms cannot be removed until the concrete has hardened.

4. Glass fibre has been used to reinforce GRP.

5. Toughened glass has been widely used in buildings.

6. This paste has hardened and formed from the reaction of water and cement powder.

7. Loud sounds have been avoided by the use of this acoustic material.

8. Wood has decreased strength under long-term loads.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на усилительное do/does/did.

1. A material which does have such strength will be chosen (выбирать).

2. The amount of deformation does depend on the size and shape of the object

3. These tests do take a few minutes.

4. The U of a material does vary directly with its density.

5. Mass production techniques did make the cost of construction lower.

6. This building did require a movement joint at 50m intervals.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода it.

1. Glass is a very durable material. It has a hardness comparable with steel.

2. There is a unit stress below which the material will not fail. It is the endurance limit.

3. Wood has low strength under long term loads but it has good resistance to short term loads.

4. It should be taken into account that further deformations due to creep may cause sagging.

5. It is easy to make high strength connections between steel components by welding or bolting.

6. It has been shown by the experiments that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

7. It is important to remember that at 480°C (900°F) steel keeps about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

8. Prestressed concrete is particularly useful for beams. Due to it steel can be used at stresses several times larger.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова, образованные по способу конверсии.

1. Annealed glass is difficult to scratch.

2. Glass is a strong material in compression if it is free of scratches.

3. Concrete may be useful as a tie.

4. Precast concrete requires connections to tie the structure together.

5. The work has been done in time.

6. In reinforced concrete steel and concrete work together.

7. Pieces of lumber are glued together to form a glued-laminated member.

8. Only reliable glues can be used for glued-laminated members.

9. There are many building materials.

10. These drawings show how the building will look.

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заменители.

1. Various kinds of cement are available, for example, those which harden rapidly.

2. Heat capacity of concrete is less than that of wood.

3. Glass has good resistance to almost all acids, including those present in rainwater.

4. The manner glass fail in is a brittle one.

5. The allowable tensile stresses for short term loads are more than twice higher than those for long term ones.

6. Dry wood has about twice the strength and stiffness of the green one.

Текст B

TOUGHENED GLASS

Toughened glass is about five times stronger in bending than ordinary annealed glass because the surface of the glass is prestressed in compression. No tensile stresses will take place on the surface if the stress that is applied is not greater than this prestress. In order to make toughened glass its surface, when it is at a high temperature, is rapidly cooled. This process not only produces compression on the surface but tension in the middle of the toughened glass and this accounts for the characteristic way toughened glass shatters into pieces when broken. This is a relatively safe way when a failure takes place. The greater safety of toughened glass over annealed glass is an important reason for its selection. Because toughened glass has a significant tensile strength, it is able to accept not only the applied stress due to loads but also stresses due to temperature difference. In this way it can take thermal shocks and not crack. Disadvantages of toughened glass are its loss of properties above about 300°C (575°F) and the fact that it may not be drilled, cut or shaped after toughening has been finished. Toughened glass has been widely used in buildings. High glass wall elevations have been constructed with the use of toughened glass. In this case the glass wall is hung from supports to avoid buckling.

Notes:

cool v. охлаждать(ся)

safe adj. безопасный

shatter v. разбиваться