Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the structure of wood?

2. How does the structure of wood influence its strength?

3. Why is wood considered the most popular construction material?

4. What kinds of commercial woods are there?

5. What are the examples of these kinds of commercial woods?

6. What new wood products have been developed?

7. Why is it important for wood to be dry?

8. When does wood have low strength?

9. When does it have good resistance?

10. What does stiffness mean?

11. What is the critical factor in the design of timber beams?

12. What may cause sagging?

13. Why is wood a very good material to work?

14. What are common methods of wood fixing?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные:

bolt, screw, stage, softwood, range, development, tube, nail, hardwood, a number of,

прилагательные и наречия:

short term, critical, reliable, dry, laminated, popular, unique,

служебные слова и обороты:

across, nevertheless,

глаголы:

accept, cut, fix, glue, lie, mean, bring, affect, speak, work.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

применение; поперечное сечение; продукт серийного изготовления; сопротивление; модуль продольной упругости; лесоматериал; количество; гвоздь; содержание влаги; древесина; прочность при сжатии; пластина; долговечность; прочность;

зависеть; делить; объяснять; быть похожим, выглядеть как; быть результатом; принимать во внимание; вызывать;

подходящий; обычный; дальнейший; другой; относительно; низкий; слабый; приблизительно (2); квадратный; часто;

и т. д.; который; такой как; если; только; почему; из-за.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с древесиной: её типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые местоимения.

1. Structural members of any length and cross section and with any required curve can be made.

2. No cracks appeared under overload.

3. Anything less strong would not be good for that purpose.

4. Each piece has some characteristic that seriously reduces strength.

5. They used no laminated timber in this structure.

6. Nothing could be done to avoid cracking.

7. Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, it can be used in construction of any size or shape.

8. The builders bound the layers together with mortar or some other binder.

9. In hot weather something should be done to prevent a premature set of concrete.

10. No wet concrete, after it is placed in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5°C or 40°F.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию слова “one”.

1. They have square cross-sections and are glued one to the other.

2. The pieces are glued one over the other.

3. No one lamination (слоистая конструкция) is as long as the member.

4. Connections were made between steel components and between timber and precast concrete ones.

5. One should be careful when working with glued laminated timber.

6. Loads will produce tensile stresses and compressive ones.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие сокращения:

50m (160ft); ¹/₃ of its tensile strength; 31.01.1845; 24ft (7.2m); 12in  12in; 60-80 %; 20C; 150 kg/m² ; 90 cm; 3.5m; 100  300 mm; ⁷/₈ of its length; 4.5ft x 6.24ft; 03.10.1998; 32 lb; 145F.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие группы существительных:

steel structure, beam cross-section, metal plate, section dimensions, timber construction, connection method, temperature movements, joint movement problem, construction industry, precast concrete component, carbon contents, design strength, production technique, transportation costs.

Упражнение 5. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных, переведите их.

Текст B

GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER

Construction with sawn wood is limited by the size, shape, and characteristics of available trees. Lumber longer than 24 ft (7.2 m) or with a cross section dimension greater than 12 in. x 12 in. is difficult to obtain in large quantities. When lumber of these sizes is sawed, each piece much more often has some characteristic that seriously reduces strength or lowers the quality of its appearance than it is with pieces. Heavy timber construction and long spans are not feasible with sawn lumber. Sawn lumber cannot be bent into curves except in cross sections and is generally used straight.

However, structural members of any length and cross section and with any required curve can be made if pieces are glued together. The pieces, which are of standard lumber cross section, are glued one over the other, wide face to wide face, as laminations. No one lamination is as long as the member. They are glued end to end to reach the full length. A structural member made this way is called a glued-laminated member. The supporting members for heavy timber construction are glued-laminated timbers.

Lumber of 2 in. thickness is generally used for laminations. These laminations can be used straight in columns or beams and can be bent to form arches.

Notes:

end to end встык

glued-laminated member досчатоклеёные элементы

glued-laminated timber досчатоклеёные элементы деревянных конструкций

lamination n. слоистая конструкция

lumber n. пиломатериал

saw v. пилить

sawn wood пиломатериал

tree n. дерево, бревно