Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why is it important that the materials are cheap?

2. Which metals have found wide application in building?

3. What kind of steel is the best for construction?

4. What are the advantages of these steels?

5. Which steels does this class include?

6. How does the strength of steel depend on its carbon contents?

7. What are the disadvantages of steels with higher carbon contents?

8. Why is steel widely used for roof beams?

9. What can the use of high strength steel result in?

10. How does the strength and stiffness of steel depend on temperature?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные:

contents, industry, stiffness, aluminium, rolled section, instability, extent, grade, plate,

прилагательные и наречия:

brittle, straight, cheap, flat,

глаголы:

curve, account (for), weld, suffer, find.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

балка покрытия; особенность; стоимость; применение; прогиб; железо; цель; соотношение; количество; строительные материалы; поперечный профиль; жёсткость; углеродистая сталь; прочность; использование; вес; проектная прочность;

производить; терять; сохранять; сочетать(ся); сравнивать; использовать;

чрезмерный; первоначальный; быстрый; имеющийся; удобный; приемлемый; лёгкий; различный; общий; несколько; дешёвый; важный;

следующий, как следует ниже; как, в качестве; те; в целом, обычно; выше; поэтому; эти; хотя; приблизительно, около; тот же, такой же; другой; всё же.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, характеризующие металлы: их типы, свойства и особенности. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов, которые встречается в уроках 1-9. Укажите часть речи, которой является данное слово и его производные. Переведите их на русский язык. Знаете ли Вы другие производные этих слов, которые ещё не встречались в этом учебнике?

stable, long, heat, economy, bend, transport, standard, place.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласование времён в английском языке.

1. The experiments (эксперимент) showed that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility (вязкость).

2. The experiments show that high quality of a steel joint results both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

3. They promised (обещать) that the precast concrete units would be brought to the site tomorrow.

4. They promise that the precast concrete units will be brought to the site tomorrow.

5. The lecturer (лектор) said that many great buildings had been constructed on the basis of experience.

6. The lecturer says that many great buildings were constructed on the basis of experience.

7. The tests showed creep was about double at 70°C than that at 20°C.

8. The tests show creep is about double at 70°C than that at 20°C.

9. We were told that at 480°C (900°F) steel kept about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

10. We are told that at 480°C (900°F) steel keeps about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию слова “one”.

1. A multi-storey building has a number of floors which are erected one above the other.

2. Structural carbon steel is the one most important for the construction industry.

3. One must know the qualities of building materials.

4. One of the simplest types of construction is the solid concrete slab.

5. The floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only.

6. In contrast to cast-in-place concrete construction precast one requires connections to tie the structure together.

7. When you take a pile of books and apply pressure to the end pair not one of the books will fall out if the pressure is enough.

8. These beams are too long, we need shorter ones.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания. Обратите внимание на прилагательные с суффиксами -ant/-ent .

sufficient strength, different properties, permanent stress, fire resistant, important characteristics, significant advantage, convenient conditions.

Упражнение 4. Переведите производные согласно схеме

прилагательное + -ness = существительное

useful - usefulness

serious - seriousness

weak - weakness

dark (тёмный) – darkness

hard (твёрдый) – hardness

brittle – brittleness

stiff (жёсткий) – stiffness

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод степеней сравнения прилагательных.

1. Structural carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry.

2. However steels with higher carbon contents are more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

3. Although the use of high strength steel will often produce a lighter structure for the same design strength than one in a weaker material, the structure may suffer from excessive deflection or instability.

4. In such cases it may be necessary to use a larger amount of material of a lower quality or a different material, such as wood.

5. High strength connections are much easier made between steel components than between timber and precast concrete ones.

6. The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires that are called tendons (напрягаемая арматура).

Текст B

High strength connections are much easier made between steel components than between timber and precast concrete ones. Con­nections in steel can be made by welding or bolting. They are a significant proportion of the total cost of a steel structure. Normal jointing methods allow dimensional errors in production or construction of the steelwork. A cheaper and easier connection may be made if the joint is not required to be a fixed one. The experiments showed that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

Most jointing methods are improved by use of a material which has such a combination of strength and 'plasticity' and this accounts for the use of steel for connections in wood and precast concrete and, often, for the initial choice of a steel structure.

Convenient connection methods and a high strength to weight ratio make steelwork suitable for prefabrication and fast erection on site. However the size of prefabricated components is limited by the means of transport to site and sometimes the capacity of cranes on site.

Steel is dimensionally stable although it is subject to temperature movements. In general a typical single storey building of simple shape with steel columns would require a movement joint at about 50m (160ft) intervals.

Notes:

ductility n. вязкость, ковкость

jointing n. соединение

prefabrication n. изготовление и/или монтаж сборных конструкций

temperature movement температурное изменение