II. Answer the questions:

1. What are the requiments for clinical study?

2. What are the phases of studies?

3. How are clinical trials financed?

4. What are the reasons of people’s participating in clinical trials?

III. Write down English equivalents:

начать испытания, испытание, исследование на человека, проводить обширные исследования, безвредность лекарственного средства, исследования методом случайного выбора, продолжительная эффективность, воздействие на качество жизни пациента.

I. Try to learn the given abstract by heart.

Case studies

Research that uses the case study approach centers on one or a few individuals. These studies are usually longitudinal, that is, they follow the individual or individuals over a relatively long period while tracing the aspect development.

Statistical studies

Statistical studies deal with group phenomena as well as individual behavior. Statistical studies seem to fall into two additional subcategories: surveys and experimental studies.

Survey studies focus on a group’s attitudes, opinions, and/or characteristics. They often take the form of a questionnaire that is sent out to a group of people. The advantage of this type of research is that substantial amounts of information can be collected in a relatively short time.

Experimental studies are defined here as a whole range of different possible studies that investigate the language behavior of groups under controlled.

Variables – is something that may vary, or differ. Most variables that differ over time also vary among individuals. Consider, for instance, sex (male, female) – a variable that is often considered in studies. Some of the many variables that differ both over time and among individuals include motivation, self-esteem, and health.

Dependent variables is observed to determine what effect, if any, the other types of variables may have on it.

Independent variables – are variables selected by researcher to determine their effect on or relationship with dependent variable.

II. Write down the algorithm of the research being undertaken. Reading and writing

Очень часто текст статьи или письма бывает «перегружен» длинными фразами, которые можно заменить одним или двумя словами, или сократить:

Не рекомендуется	Рекомендуется
due to the fact that as a consequence of based on the fact that owing to the fact that	because
after having been treated	after treatment
a diagnosis consistent with	diagnosed (or) diagnosis of
Pilot Study to Assess the Incidence of Coronary Artery Disease in a Group of High School Football Coaches	Coronary Artery Disease in High School Football Coaches
Report on the Destruction of Renal Calculi by Use of Ultrasound	Ultrasonic Destruction of Kidney Stones
in order to	to
with the exception of	except for
during the period from…to	from … to
in spite of the fact that	although
for the purpose of	for
it is interesting to note that it should be pointed out that the point here is that needless to say	it
take into consideration	consider
subsequent to	after
prior to	before
has the capability of	can
in a satisfactory manner	satisfactory
in the event that	if
lacked the ability to	couldn’t
a majority of	most
at the present time	now
during the course of	during
give rise to	cause
smaller in size	smaller
with the possible exception of	except
end result	result
this result would seem to indicate	this result indicates
it has been reported by Smith	Smith reported
it is suggested that	I think (or) Smith thinks
presented to or with	had
was noted to have	had