Test yourself

1. Write down the meaning of words: развитие, перейти к чему-либо, называть, состоять из, содержат отличие.

2. Compose sentenses with the words: mean, by means of, design, environment carry out, heredity.

3. Try to use Present Indefinite and Past Indefinite Passive in your own sentences.

Exams situation

You are to define human life from the point of view of 7 characteristics. Share your opinion trying to describe life from the physiology and psychology points of view.

4. Translate the sentences:

Человек – представитель живой природы, биологический объект; субъект сознательной деятельности, а так же социальный элемент. Началом изучения человека как биологического вида являются труды Карла Линнея. Антропология – наука о человеке как биологическом виде.

5. Remember the combination in order to write and speak correctly:

1. before moving on to the development …

2. both living and non-living

3. miniature chemical building blocks

4. for something to be described as living

5. cells are the basic components

6. energy – requiring activities

7. respond to stimuli

8. maintain a state of …

9. introduce some of …

10. the topic was an unusual on

11. him was to explain how …

12. it was this that led my colleague …

13. which continue to frame how we see life.

Over to you

Make a list of the new words and terms from the additional texts. Make up a report based on additional texts. Point out the main idea and details. Write a brief summary of the text. Write out examples with the words “carry” “move” (sentences). Repeat Grammar material.

Reading and writing Academic style. Structure and Cohesion

Written English, like spoken English, may be formal or informal. The main features of academic writing are as follows: it is formal in an impersonal or objective style (often using impersonal pronouns and phrases and passive verb forms); cautious language is frequently used in reporting research and making claims, vocabulary appropriate for particular academic context is used (special or technical words), the structure of the writing will vary according to the particular type. Informal English contains a number of colloquialisms.

Written academic English will not normally contain:

• Contractions it did not but not it didn’t; they have but not they’ve

• Hesitation fillers (well, you know)

• A number of phrasal or prepositional verbs are more suitable for informal style and are therefore inappropriate in academic writing

formal informal

conduct carry out

discover find out

investigate look into

Euphemisms should be avoid in academic writing

direct euphemism

to die to pass away

to tell lies/to lie to tell falsehoods/fibs

ill pooly

Personal pronouns I, you, we tend not to be used in more formal writing. Instead the style may be more impersonal. An introductory it or there may begin sentences or even one.

The forms may be used:

• Modal verbs (may, might, will, would, can, could)

• Lexical verbs (seem, appear, suggest, indicate, assume, believe)

• Modal adverbs (perhaps, probably, possibly, apparently)

• Modal adjectives (probable, possible, (un)certain)

• Modal nouns (assumption, claim, evidence, estimate, possibility).

Connectives. The basic connective “and” is used (A number of connectives have a similar meaning).

The comments or alternative proposal may be expressed by basic connectives “or”. The opposite meaning is expressed by “but”.

“And” – first, ….. furthermore, finally; one, two ….., firstly, secondly …..; above all, last but not least;

First and foremost – at the beginning of a descending order.

The followings words may be used: to begin with, in second place, moreover, and to conclude, next, lastly.

Addition, to what has been previously indicated:

a) Reinforcement: also, again, furthermore, further, moreover, what is more, then, in addition, besides, above all, too, as well (as)

b) Equation: equally, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, in the same way

Transition can lead to a new stage in the sequence of thought:

Now, with reference/respect/regard to, regarding, let us (now) turn to …

As for, as to – often used when discussing something briefly

Spoken language: incidentally, by the way, come to think of it – indicates a digression and an afterthought;

Talking/speaking of … (informal), apropos … (formal), that reminds me …- to introduce a digression.

Connective “or”: A Reformulation to express something in another way:

Better, rather, in other words, in that case, to put it (more) simply

B Replacement, to express an alternative to what has preceded:

Again, alternatively, rather, better/worse (still) …, on the other hand, the alternative is …, another possibility would be

Connective “but”: A Contrast, with what has preceded: instead, conversely, then, on the contrary, by (way of) contrast, in comparison, (on the one hand)… on the other hand …

B Concession indicates the unexpected, surprising nature of what is being said in view of what was said before: besides, (or) else, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, only, still, while, (al)though, yet, in any case, at any rate, for all that, in spite of/despite that, after all, at the same time, on the other hand, all the same, even if/though.

1. Analyse a research paper and find the examples of the theory given above.