a Running is not allowed on the stairs. There is a danger of accidents.

Running Is not allowed on the stairs. You have, an ac£.itic.n+ _

b You'd bettor not use this ladder. hook at it! I'm sure it's not safe.

You'd belter not use ibis ladder. Look at It! it

c 1 think I know how ihis window got broken. I'm sure someone kicked a ball against it.

1 think I know how this window got bioken. Someone d Unless you follow Instructions, It's possible for a gymnasium to be a dangerous place.

Unless you follow instructions, a gymnasium e I've turned off the electricity. I'm sure it's safe to touch these wires now.

I've turned off the electricity. It

f Ouch! Why didn't you tell me that piece of metal was hot!

Ouch! You i

g Where are the fire fighters? I expected them to have arrived by now.

Where arc the fire lighters? They - _ ... .

h I'm suieyou didn't clean this bowl properly.

You „ - . 1 can see stains on it.

Complete the text using one of the phrases 1 10 in each gap.

I can't have set off 2 could easily he 3 could expect 5 can't have been b could easily sail 7 might have 9 should have reached 10 might involve

f 11 itnl i ill Vt TaX 11

8 must have made

16th-century explorers

imagine what it a H like to have sailed around die world in a small wooden ship, as Drake- and his men did in 1077-1580. On a ship only some 35 metres long, it b easy for the SO or so crew to live comfortably. Exploration was pari of war and rivalry with odter nations, so these voyages c attacks on other ships and towns, and had to make a profit. There were all the* usual dangers too. A ship d destroyed by a storm or nin out of food and water, anti the captain e little idea of where the ship was or where it was going. Explorers f many wrong decisions in an age when there were only basic maps and navigation equipment, and in unknown parts of ocean where a ship g foi weeks without reaching laud. Very often places they thought they h turned out to be much further on. or in a different direction. I lowevcr. they i on such long voyages without some general idea of die places they j to reach along die way, and as knowledge of navigation improved, voyages became more and more successful.

Extension activity

Write some sentences about these situations.

You notice that a large crowd of people has gathered outside, shouting and singing.

Who could they be? What could have happened? What might happen next?

You hear a knock at the door, and when you open it there is a larqe parcel outside.

Who could have sent it? Wlial could it contain? What might you have to do next?

Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.

V -/

Q modals (2): possibility, certainty

can/could

Could is generally considered to be more polite than can. Use can / could

• for requests.

Can / Could you carry this for me?

• to ask for permission.

Can / Could I leave early?

• to make on offer.

Can / Could I offer you some tea?

• to make a suggestion.

Can / CouJd I make a suggestion?

can't/cannot

• Use when something is not allowed.

/ou can't leave your bike here.

• Use to emphasize that something is unbelievable, /ou can't be serious!

can + be + -ing

• Use when you wonder what is happening.

Who can be knocking on the door at this time?

could

• Use to express surprise.

How could you waste so much money!

• Use to emphasize how you feel.

I'm so unhappy I could cry!

How could you be so clumsy, that vase was worth hundreds of pounds.

couldn't

• Use to mean 'It doesn't matter to me at all'.

I couldn't core less what you do t when you leave / who you are / whether you go or not etc ^•

• Use with a comparative for emphasis.

Ihmgs couldn't be betterr

• Use for polite requests

May I make a suggestion ?

• Use in be that as it may.... an idiom meaning 'perhaps that is true but

Television brings the family together, even though when watching it they don't talk to each other. They are physically together, but no communication takes place. So in some respects, watching television together makes the members of a family distant from one another. Be that as It may. being together as a family at least keeps the younger members at home, and away from possibly antisocial activities.

• Use in try as 11 you etc. may .... a formal phrase meaning 'Although I try I can't remember.'

Try as I may. I just can't remember.

might

• Use in the formal phrase try as If you etc. might.

Try as I might. I couldn't reach the shelf. (Although I tried, I couldn't.)

t Use as emphatic form of 'perhaps I'll do that'

I might just do that>

• Use to express annoyance at a bad habit I might have known it was youl

• Use as emphatic form of 'although you are...'

You might be older than me. but...

shall

• Use for an offer.

Shall I carry that for you?

• Use to ask for advice when uncertain.

What shall we do?

• Use in formal legal language (all persons).

The tenant shall be responsible for all repairs.

shouldn't have done, needn't have done

• Use to express our thanks for gifts, said in a way that expresses thanks.

You really shouldn't have brought me flowers. That's very kirtd of you.

will/won't

• Use for an assertion about a result etc.

I'll definitely winI No, you won'tl ^•

• Use for an offer or agreement.

rtf do the washing-up

• Use for a promise.

I'll be home by eight. I won‘t be late.

• Use for a threat.

You'll be sorry!

won't

• Use for a present refusal.

I won’t do it’ (see Unit 16, wouldn't)

need doing

• The dustbin needs emptying. Someone needs to empty it.

e modals (3): other uses

a To he honest, I couldn't /can't c<ire less whether you come to my party or not! b ft's difficult to know whether to stay hen?, or try and walk. What misfit/ilmil wc do? c How kind of you to have brought such a Jovdy present, but you really shouldn't f couldn't liavel d My phon& ^n't working very well The battery needs / woti‘t charglng, c Look how much they have charged us for the meal! That trnriT be/can't \te right! f Excuse me, do you think you could/ shall possibly open the window? g just took at this room! How could/might you make such a mess? h Don’t woriy about the washing-up, I'll do it/It needs doing in the inumiug. i TYy as she could/might, Marla couldn't pull the cork out of the bottle.

J Everything is going well with my new poll. In fact, things couldn't/ won't he better.

2. Complete the sentences famous people did not say. using a modal word or phrase in each gap,

a William Shakespeare, dramatist: To be, ox not to be No, that bo right. I'll have to

think of something else.

b Nell Armstrong, first man on the moon: Well, it was a great trip! What now? Any

ideas?

e Cienghis Khan: I'm tired ot conquering the world. ! think I stay at home and relax for

a few years.

d Isaac Newton, scientist: It was very silly of me to sit under this tree. I an apple would

fall on my head

e Christopher Columbus, explorer: Excuse me, tell me the way to America? I seem to he

bst

f Emperor Qin Sldhuaug; you lake the wall down, and build k a few more metres in

that direction?

g Ludwig Beethoven, composer: l think tlus music changing a bit. How about adding

whip guitars and drums?

h Michelangelo, artist: I’aint pictures ail over this dome? You serious! i'll fall and break

my neekt

2. Read the description of each situation, and write what you would say.

a A friend comes in your house and brings yon sonar flowers. Say something polite as you accept the gift.

...^Thanks, bri-f* 40/1 Mite bro/^-f juf, floair.rs^

b Your teacher is carrying a pile of heavy books. Offer to help,

c A friend tejls you that he t she is thinking of running ass-ay from home and joining a circus as a clown. You think Ihis is a silly idea,

d A friend boasts that they are taker than you, so they are belter at basketball, e It is hot In the classroom, and you ask your teacher for permission to open the window.

f You are having an argument with a fiiend, and leh him / her that you don't caie what he i she says.

a Why don't you take a day off for a change? It would do you good. ^s b So you're the one who broke the window! c This maths problem is really hard to understand, d l led really great today! e Harry Is a really Irritating person, f That's funny, there's someone knocking at the door, g I'm not your little sister any more, you know! h I'll be home as soon as 1 can.

i The last part of your answer doesn't quite make sense, j I'm sorry but 1 simply refuse to treat someone like that.

1. In fact, he's so annoying sometimes I could scream.

2. I just won't do it.

3. Could you help me with It?

4. H needs re-writing a bit.

5. I might have known it would he you!

6. 1 certainly won't be very late.

7. Who can that he at this time, I wonder?

8—'

9 And just because you're older than me doesn't mean you're always right! 10 In fact, I'm so happy J could jump with joy!

2. Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.

a Is it all right if I try that shot again? COULD

CotAA I Tr/j Ar\\ak ShoT

b Before we start playing, you should adjust the net. NEEDS

c Do you want me to hold the flag while you take your shot? SI IALL

d Although I try, I can't skate properly. MAY

e I promise not to let the leant down WONT

f It doesn't matter to me whether you run In this race or not. l.ESS

q You never know, perhaps United will win all their matches! IUST

h No meml>er of the club is to use insulting language to any other member. SHALL

I Now the weather has Improved, it's an idea) situation. COULDN'T

j That's kind o! you, but there was no need tor you to buy my ticket. HAVE

e modals (3): other uses

c You give a credit card number when you make your booking, or vve cannot reserve your room,

i You look up nil Hie words you don't know. You ran guess some of them from the context.

2. Choose the correct option. A, B or C, to complete the sentence.

a Well, if you always fed tired, 1 think you ^ go to l?ed earlicrl b Tin sorry I dropped the eggs. I to carry so many things at the same tin it, c You give a credit card number when you make your booking, or vve cannot reserve your room d It's going to gel mirier later. lake a pullover with yon, e You to begin writing until l give the instruction.

f hi#ruction to the author: columns in the two-column format ... 3-1/4 inches wide,

g You park outside t he school. T111 s is a ‘tiff parish i(j^f ainia.

h I've been trying to contact Marla ail day, but 1 reach her yet.

r You look up all the words yon don't know. You ran guess some of them from the context, j In my country, all the young men spend two years In the armed (orces.

a A don't bow to B itiust C Sttoiiitf

b A don’t /nut to Iry fl shottid n't hove tried C needn't fuier fried

c A must B have got to C hud better

d A fair ltdvc to B You'd better C fait ere to

e A ore not B iiiiisr not C should not

f A UiMn't %ot to tie B hod better he t ore to he

g A shouldn't 6 don't have fu C need not

h A couldn't B haven't been nbie to C nunln't

i A tnifSbf'r B needn't C hod better nof

j A should B have to C must

2. Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals,

a Is our final test compulsory? HAVE

Do tK. hMe. dro +dJc/t, -firija! -ht-Sf?

b I think you were wrong to put so much lemon fit the cake, HAVE

c Tim's computer crashed, but lie managed 10 save the pages he was working on. WAS

d it is forbidden for passengers to pass beyond this point, MOT

e I think you should see an eye specialist alsout this problem. HAD

f Paula stalled the class Immediately, as it wasn't necessary for her to take an entrance lest DIDN'T g Out tickets were free. HAVE

h it was necessary lor Dave to leave before the end oi the performance, IJAD

1 We bough I a second tin of pafnh but It wasn't necessary. IIAVE

j kale didn't take her umbrella, which VfM a mistake, i IAVE

habitual activity in the past

We can use would lo describe a person's habitual activity in the past (see Unit 4).

Every morning we'd go for a walk along dm bedi.li.

This use is not possible with state verbs:

We used to own a house in die mountains. (Possible)

annoying behaviour

We can use would to express annoyance or irritation at things that are happening now. There is ususally a sense that this is typical, or not very surprising.

Vou woufd say thatI (It's typical of you, and it's annoying).

Wouldn't yon {ust know it! (I knew that would happen - and it's annoying).

later future events in narrative

Would is used in past narrative to refer to later future events (reported form of will).

In New York he met the woman who would later become his wife.

unspoken if<\ausc

Wc con use would to talk about situations where an if clause is understood but not spoken, or expressed In some other way.

you wouldn't believe who I've just met! (... If I told you ...)

Why would anyone want to live there? (... If they could avoid it...)

How would you feel about going to the cinema? (... If I asked you ...)

Why don't you take the exam? You'd pass easily. (... If you took it...)

/ wouldn't do that. (... if l were you ...)

I wouldn't worry about it. (... if I were In that situation ...)

You wouldn't do that, would you? (... if you had the choice etc)

It would be a good idea to ask for some help. (... if you want my opinion ...)

The consequences of such a storm would be serious (... if it happened ...)

Under the proposals, salaries would increase. (= if the proposals became fact)

It would be great to see you again. (...If you wanted to.)

It would be good to stop and have a coffee. (= if we stopped It would be good)

being willing

Would can be used lo describe whal people are willing lo do. This can also be seen as including an unspoken condition.

Tuny would lend you his car. (... if you asked him ...)

Only a teal fan would pay that much for a ticket (Only if someone was a fan would Ihey pay .-.)

refusal

• We use wouldn't to describe a past refusal.

She was upset becaitse I wouldn't speak to her ^•

•

O

% s>ee Unit tu for polite requests beginning if you would...

If you would come this woy. I'll take you to the director's office.

would imagine, think, hope, expect, suppose etc

• would imagine / think / hope / suppose + (person) + might are used when the speaker Is not completely certain what another person feels, docs, etc

I would imagine that you might find John a bit difficult to work v/ith.

We'd hope we might complete the project before the end of the month.

• Would hope I expect ♦ tointinitive is also possible, when you hope that you would do something.

We'd hope to complete the project before the end of the month.

We'd expect to complete the project before the end of the month.

I'd like, I'd prefer

• Would like and would prefer refer to Immediate situations.

I'd like some coftce now. I think I'd prefer tea.

• Like and prefer refer to general states.

I don't like war films. I prefer romantic comedies.

• We say we would prefer it if + unreal past when we say what we want to happen.

I'd prefer it if you didn't wear shoes inside the house.

wouldn't you like to know

• This is an idiom we use when we refuse to give someone information.

How much do you earn exactly? Wouldn't you like to knowl

(-I'm sure you'd like to know but I'm not going to tell you!)

(For v/ould in reported speech sec Unit 17.)

e would

a Personalty; 1 think 1 should lie pair! more, became I'm better at the job. . k

b Kate is going to spend her holiday painting all the inside of her house in black and gold.

e We're all going to go down to the gym to do some extra training for ati hour.

d Du you fancy a nice tup of herb tea?

e I was t hi nki ng o f spe n dl ng my $ummer holiday I n S! ove nla.

f 1 think T might have given Alice the wrong directions.

g t don't know how I'm going to get home at this time ol night.

h I'm still getting that pain in the leg I lofd you about.

i What's the matter with Sue?

j I have an appointment with Helen Adams for 10.30.

1. 1 think I'd prefer a cup of coffee, If you don't mind.

2. if you'd just wait here, i'il see If site's free.

3. Why would anyone want to tin that?

4. You'd have a great time there, It's a realty fantastic place,

5. It wouldn't be a had idea to ask the doctor about It.

6. Well, you would say (hat, wouldn't you!

7. I wouldn't worry about it. It's very easy to find.

8. I think she’s annoyed because I wouldn't grt lo the shops with her.

9. Would it lie all right it t stayed here and Mnishcd this work I'm doing?

10. I'm sure Mark would give you a lift.

2. Rewrite the sentence using the word in capitals.

а Сап I (pnvr now? HK,

й bt ftl! /■£ I гид??

b The computer refused lo work properly. WOULDN'T

c Trust you to say the wrong thing! WOULD

d I'd really like to see you again. tJKEAT

e Can you open the door for me? MIND

t What t did then, later turned out to fie a mistake. TURN

g Do you want still or sparkling water? LiKK

h Please follow me, and I’ll take you to the meeting room. WOULD

i llopef11Hy we'lI detivcг the ftnished product jn six wee ks' ti me TO

j There’s no need to worry about the results.

WOULDN'T