2. WrUu a new sentence with the same meaning containing Lire word in capitals.

a The 12th Eng] bit Teaching Conference takes place on 5 12 June. TO

T.tt IZ-Ht &*rj!/sk Itackinq Сон-ftne.net is +o Trtkt ptacc on 6-IZ cbno.

b The president is expected to arrive here at 9.34). DtJF.

c Everyone was on the point uf leaving tvlrttt tile fire alarm iretd off. ABOUT

d He's got the had ha|>Lt of playing s^Tcry loud music late at night. WILL

e The car lias broken down, we Те miles from anywhere, and we haven't got

d phone. So. what's our plan? TO

f Good news! Jane is гкррсting ft habyJ RAVE

g I intended lo phone you last night, hut i! slipped my mind, GOING

h ГґП driving to Leeds anyway on Tuesday, so why don't I give you a Iift7 TU,

і There's a letter for you.' Tm sure that's my new credit card,' WIIJ.

j 1 expect the police have caught the thief by notv.

WILL

5 Complete the text with will be, will have or will have been + the correct form of the verb in brackets.

I’m optimistic about the future, so I think that by the time I’m 35, say, o (make) my fortune. By then I

f(run) my own company for about ten

years, and I g (almost certainly become)

a millionaire! So I h (drive) an expensive

sports car, l hope!

1. think we should all be worried about what the world i (be) _ __ _ like in fifty years’time.

By then. I hope that the world’s governments j (find)

an answer to the problem of global warming, but perhaps scientists k (still search)

for technological solutions. It's quite possible that we I (still talk) „„ _

about the problem, as we aie now!

By the time I’m fifty, I expect that nearly everything m (change)

and everyone n (Iry)

their best to adapt to new circumstances. For example. I can’t imagine that wc o (use) cars, because by then

most of the oil in the worW p (run out)

People q (travel) _ _

perhaps we r (walk) ....._

that scientists s (solve)

problem, but who knows! Perhaps some other worse problem t (romr) along hy then!

in electric cars, or everywhere. I hope the pollution

What are your hopes for the future?

It's hard to make predictions too far into the future, but I think I can say quite a lot about my life in about ten years’ time. I think I a (still live) rorll S+/U be, Ijv/iuj in the same city. By that time I b (finish) my studies, and, who knows,

perhaps I c (find) ... .. a good job. And I

d (probably go out). ... with the same

friends loo!

A Make some personal predictions about ten years' time (or choose another lenqth of time).

what you will J won't be doing where you will / won't be what you will / won't have done by thpn

B 'According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will probably increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing from the cuiienl 6.7 billiun to 9.2 billiun in 2050.' Use leseoich in a library or on the Internet to find more predictions about the next fifty years.

1. /

The arguments about climate change

According to all the measurements, climate change a happens / &. happening, bet science b appears / is appearing to be split on what to do about it. Unfortunately, scientists c do not all agree /are not all agreeing about the causes of global warming. In a recent book, two scientists - Fred Singer, a climate physicist, and Dennis Avery, a biologist - d argue /are arguing that the worming currently observed around the world Is part of a 1,500-year cycle in solar energy. Singer, an outspoken critic of the Idee that humans e warm /are warming the planet, and Avery, f believe /are believing that a well-established, 1,500-year cycle in the Earth's ciimate can explain most of the global warming that g takes place / has token place In the last 100 years. We are currently on an upswing, getting warmer after the Little Ice Age, but in a few hundred years h will be/ arc back on the downswing, and getting colder again. They i say/ are saying that efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases are at best pointless, or at worst economically damaging. This, of course, is not what the fourth assessment report of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) j has said/ said a few weeks ago. That report from the UN climate science working group k has concluded/concluded that it I is/ has been likely that rising greenhouse gas concentrations m have caused/ caused most recent warming and that, depending on our actions now to slow the growth of emissions, warming by 2100 n will probably be/ is probably between about 1.5°C and 6°C. So. which scientists o tell/are telling us the truth?

N

©

2. Choose the correct phrase 1 to 15 for each gap.

New tunnel planned beneath the Alps

For centuries, the Alps a 10 as a natural trade barrier between northern and southern Europe. Sending Italian wine to the Netherlands, or German washing machines to Greece, b a long, slow journey along narrow alpine valleys, through tunnels and over passes.

The amount of freight crossing the Alps in heavy goods vehicles c sharply over the last two decades. In 1990 an estimated 40 million tonnes d . by road; in 2001 that e to 90 million tonnes, with further big increases expected by 2010. But concerns for the Alpine environment and fears over safely f to big pressure to move freight off the roads and onto the railways. Both Switzerland's Gotthard road tunnel and France's Mont Blanc road tunnel g major fires In the last ten years in which many h As long agn as 1994, the f>wiss I in a nationwide referendum to put all freight crossing their country

onto the railways. Naturally, such an ambitious plan j overnight, but now the project dubbed the

engineering feat of the 21st Century k _ Deep

beneath the Alps, the Swiss I a high speed rail link between Zurich and Milan. It m , at 57 kilometres (35 miles), the world's longest tunnel. A key feature of the project, which is new to alpine transport, is the fact that the entire railway line n at the same altitude of 500 metres (1,650 ft) above sea level. This o trains using the line to reach speeds of 240 km/h (149 mph), reducing the travel time between Zurich and Milan from today's four hours to just two and a half.

1. will allow

2. are building

3. died

4. was not going to happen

5. will include

6. have led

7. means

8. has risen

9. had risen

1. Uah/v ha»ii/».I

tv IIUYV aliTtv!

2. have suffered

12. is slowly taking shape

13. will stay

14. voted

15. went

2. Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.

POLICE SEEK MISSING SHED

A 32 year old man a (get) home from work on Friday to find that someone

b (steal) the shed from his back garden. Martin Graham, who c (live)

in Francis Road, Damely. d (tell) us he couldn't believe his eyes. 'There was simply

nothing there. I thought I e (go) into Uie wrong garden.’ A neighbour who

f (notice) .. the men while they g (disassemble) — the shed.

h (assume) that Mr Graham I (ask) them to do it. The two men

j (drive off) in a white van. Police k (investigate) and

I (issue) a description of the two men.

5 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in hrackets.

r

Life expectancy

Our foil nr ry a (go) is qoinq through a period of accelerating change Today, there b (be) around 3.7 million people aged over 60 in this country but the large numbers of people who c (belong)

lo the baby-boom generation d (piuduce) an explosion in the number uf elderly

people from around 2011. By 2030. there c (be) _ _ some 8.8 million and because the birth-rate in the period after the post war baby boom f (decline) sharply, these elderly people g (represent)

a much larger share of the country's population than ever before in our history. In 1%6. when we h (introduce) .. _ our national pension scheme, there i (be) about eight working-

age people for eveiy retired person, whereas today, llieie j (be) __ abuul five, and in 2030. there

k (be) . _ _ _ only three. There I (be)

another dramatic change which also m (affect) . _ this

situation, as thanks to medical advances and higher living slandaids. life expectancy

n (increase) and o (continue)

to increase in future years, loday people can expect lo live three years longer than in 1966. By 2030. they

p(live) anaveiageol

4.5 years longer.

6 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.

a There's a party at our house on Friday. WE

We. arc kavity a party on fridaq.

b This Is my first trip to Siberia. BEFORE

c What's your job, exactly? DO

d Karen's hair was short once. HAVE

e I'm leaving in a minute, so I can't talk now. JUST

f It’s a long time since 1 last went lo the theatre. FOR

g When was the Invasion of Britain by the Romans? INVADE

h I'm sure it won't rain tomorrow. DON'T

I Is this your suitcase? DOES

1

©

When I have enough money, I'm going to liny a new computer.

SAVED

1 Complete the text with the appropriate forrr of the verb in brackets.

A

Child employment in Victorian Britain

In Virtonan I .ondon, mud larks were rhildrrn who a (search for) StaCcWe.6 £oC valuable hits and pieces on the shoies of the River Thames. They b (not do) this from boats, but C (wait)

until the tide d (go) out, and then e (crawl)

about in the river mud looking for anything valuable. Henry Mayhcw. a Victorian writer, f (interview)

a ‘mud lark' in his book about poor working people in London in the 1850‘s. My family is

Irish though I was horn in London. My father g (work)

.... at London Docks. He is a strong-bodied

man of 34.1 h (go) to school with my

brothers for about three years and i (learn) reading and writing and arithmetic. One of my brothers j (he) at sea for the past five years. I

k(work) _ . in the neighbourhood of

Milhvall picking up pieces of coal and iron, copper and bits of canvas on the surface. When bargemen I (carry)

coal to the shore some of it m (fall) in the mud and we n (pick it up)

. The most 1 o (ever see)

my companions find is one shilling's worth a day. There arc usually thirteen or fourteen mud larks, boys and girls, around Limchousc in the. summer and slx boys steadily in the winter. When a hargeman p (gets hold) of one,

he generally q (throw) them into the

river. The police boat r (chase) .. me two or

three times. One night I s (see) a large piece of copper drop down where they t (repair)

a ship. 'Iliat evening as a ship u (come) onr of the dorks, I v (strip off)

_ my clothes and w (dive)

down several feet, x (scb.c) the piece of copper and later y (sell) it to a marine dealer."

EXTENSION ACTIVITY

A Write a short news report, like the one in Exercise 4. If you prefer, find a report in your own language and translate it.

B Write a report about yourself for an online dating service. Include information about what you do, what you are doing, and things yon have done recently. Make yourself sound as interesting as possible!

V _ y

© tense contrasts

Some verbs have an adjective or noun phrase as a complement. When they are made passive, the complement still follows the verb.

f’eoplp consider her attractive They elected Jim class representative.

She is considered a ttractive. Jim was elected class represen fa five.

verbs and prepositions

When a prepositional verb is mode passive, the preposition goes at the end of the sentence and has object.

Someone is looking after the children. The children ore being looked often Someone shot ot them. They were shot of.

make

The passive forms of make are followed by fo-infinitive.

They made Helen write the test again. Helen was made to write the test again.

see, hear, feel

Verbs see, hear, feel, watd), notice etc have different meanings when followed by bare infinitive, or / saw him leave, (completed) / saw him leaving, (incomplete)

When see and heai + bare infinitive are changed to a passve. the verb is followed by to infinitive. He was seen fo leave, (complete) He was seen leaving, (incomplete)

2. Complete the text with a passive or active form of the verb In brackets, in a suitable tense according to the context.

Local cheeses

Traditional cheeses a (produce) ^oX'⁽- ptToJr»c.tA ,_n many regions of ihe IЖ and b (name)

. . .. after the area in which ihey c (first develop) Cheddar, я hard cheese

with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and d (now make) ... all over the world. A‘true'

Cheddar must come from the counties of Somerset. Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the

Somerset village from which it e (take) its name.

Wcnslfydalr t (romr) from the Yorkshirr I >alrs (valleys)

in northern England. Originally made from sheeps milk, it g (base)

on a recipe introduced by the Cistercian

monks in the 11th century and has a mild refreshing flavour.

Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has a light, salty flavour. During the Industrial Revolution (around 1760-1830).

Lancashire cheese h (become) _ . . the staple

lood ol the mill workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese, i (first produce) _ .. in the Welsh town of

that name in about 1831. The cheese j (soak) ovcrmghi m sail waier in seal in ihr moisitirr li was popular wiih the local coalminers who к (lose) _ . _ a lot of

salt duiing then work undeiground. Blue Stilton, made only in the counties of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire,

1. (prize) as the ’king of British cheeses.

©

Blocked drains shut gallery link

A multi-million pound underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries a (close) ta<S boot. closed fnr two weeks so that blocked drains which have dogged the building from the outset can be fixed. I he repair work b (estimate) to cost around £100,000 but it is unclear who will foot the bill. Majoi losses c (expect) at the museum and at the gallery restaurant, which

d (house) in the link and e (force)

to shut whilst the work f (carry out) . The head of buildings said it

was likely that the fault had occurred while the tunnel g (construct)

'It probably happened while it h (build) because we have had

blockaye problems since it opened. We I (tell) it will cost around

£100,000 - who will pay for it will be the issue.' A spokeswoman for the National Galleries said: 'Everything j (do) to ensure minimal disruption tn visitors. Many of

the educational workshops and events k (accommodate) elsewhere

in the galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building I (not affect) by the work, and wilt open as normal throughout.'

The work to the faulty drainage system at the Weston Link, which m (only complete)

in August 2004, will take eight weeks from mid-February until the

start of March.

4 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains a passive verb and by + an agent or with + an Instrument.

a A number of trainee doctors examined Dora.

Oora teas cMajwined bq a Autwbcr o-f trainee doctors. b The extent of the flood-damage Iras surprised everyone.

c Someone used a counterfeit key to open the security door.

d The freezing conditions put off many would-be shoppers.

e Someone used a brick to smash the window.

f The high cost of gas and electricity is hitting some families hard.

g The force of the explosion blew in the windows on nearby buildings.

h The high winds damaged several buildings.

i Somebody used a blunt instrument to hit the security guard on the head, j The unusually high tide completely washed away the sea wall.

© passive

>v

r

5

Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb In brackets.

Wangari Maathai

Wangaii Mddtlidi a (award) au'arJtd the

Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She b (praise)

hy the Nohel committee as 'a source of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace' When she started her Green Belt movement In 1977, Kenya was suffering from deforestation and desertification. Thousands of trees c (cut down) and many families d (leave)

- . ... in poverty as a result. Since then,

her successful campaign to mobilize women to plant some

30 million trees e (copy) by other

countries. During that time the movement f (transform)

.. . _ into a campaign on education,

nutririnn and other issues. Her campaign has not always been popular. Mrs Maathai g (arrest) . . .

several Limes for campaigning against deforestation in Africa,

and once she h (beat) unconscious by heavy handed police. But in elections

in 2002, she i (elect) as an MP as part of an opposition coalition which swept

to power, and she j (appoint) as a deputy environment minister in 2003.

6 Complete the sentence using a passive, so that it means the same as the first sentence.

a The managing director promised me a pay-rise.

1. uMS pcotoh&A a paq-rixt, |>y the managing director,

b They sent me the coniracl by courier ihe next day.

The contract . «,

c A multi-nalionni company is taking over our firm.

Our firm „ ... .

d Several people noticed the man trying to climb in the window.

by several people.

e They awarded David a medal for bravery.

David _ .... _ .

f They made Sylvia lake the exam again.

Sylvia . ._ _ . _

g An elderly aunt gave Paul the paintings.

Paul ... _ _ .... _ ... _ _.

h I he jjolicc arc going to look into the case.

by the police.

1. They considered any further rescue attempts pointless.

Any further

j They elected George president for a second term.

George _ ..