The
following exercises practise grammar from Units 40,41 and 42.
6
Rewrite the sentence or one of the sentences so that It contal ns
the word In capitals, a There is no problem with money.
b
From one point of view,
I
think you'ie absolutely correct,
c
Jim wasn't t he re, but everyone else was
d
T hose are yni i r ca rd s a nrt t hese are my cards.
e
Lastly, l would like to thank the organ i^ers of tins conference.
f
This country has higher youth uncmployment than other European
countries.
g
Jam has been ill and so lias been absent from coilege.
h
Tony thinks it was a terrible film, and I think It was a terrible
fUm too,
1
Although United played badly they won the match, j The tennis
tournament has been postponed because of bad weather, k 'Will you be
here next year?' 'J doubt It/
I
ihe scheme hns been fairly Successful.
m
The earthquake lias caused the closure of many mads In the aiea.
n
The two artists appear to be different but share similarities.
o
Poor eyesight forced her to give up driving.
p
I
didn't fake
the
bus,
i
went
on foot.
q
To begin with, write down a list ol your ideas.
r
Many animals, eg bears, sleep for much of the winter.
s
No artefact which Is alien, le not from our planet, has ever been
discovered.
AS
FAR IN
APART
PROM
YUUKS
IN
COMPARISON
MUt:
no
IKAST
OWING
SO
f.XTFNT
RESULT
RESPECTS
ACUJUNJ
ALL
AS
SAYInstead op
A Tims |
B Newrtheless |
C Besides |
A in comparison to |
B as a result of |
C owing to |
A compared to |
B in addition |
C as well as |
A Above all |
B None the less |
C In some respects |
A Despite |
B Oiving to |
C compared lu |
A to a certain extent |
B above all |
C in some ways |
A this one |
B It |
C more so |
A On the contrary |
B Tims |
C At least |
A Asa result |
B Hence |
C In the same way |
A ain't |
B doesn't say |
C won’t do |
A Asa result of |
B Despite |
C As well as |
A lienee |
B as a result |
C owing to |
A so |
B they' should do |
C it does |
EXTENSION
ACTIVITY
A
a Write some questions which could be followed by these answers.
I
hope sol I don't
expect so.
It’s
not mine. I think I'd rather have that one.
b
Write some statements which could be followed by these responses.
So
do we. Neither can I.
So
do you! Neither does mine.
0
Choose ten examples from the explanation pages and translate them
into your language.
. J
©
organizing
text (3)
inversion
and
fronting
This
involves using question word order after an adverbial with a
negative or restrictive meaning comes at the beginning of the
sentence. These structures are normally only used in formal speech
and writing. Note that all of these adverbials can be used without
inversion if they come in the normal position.
never
I
have never seen a mere obvious
case of
cheating!
(normal position)
Never
hove I seen
a more
obvious case of cheating •
rarely
Rarefy
does such a rare painting come on the market
seldom
Seldom
has a scientific discovery had such an impact
No
sooner... than
No
sooner had I shut the door than I realized I had left my keys inside
Hardly...
when
Hardly
had the play started when there was a disturbance in the audience
Scarcely...
when (than)
Scarcely
had they entered the castle when there
was a huge
explosion
Only
after, only when, only later, only then, only
Only
Jane managed to finish the project nn time
(no inversion)
Only
in a city as large as this can you find sn many foreign restaurants
Only after we had left the ship did we realize that the captain had
remained
On
no condition,
under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way Under
no circumstances is this door to be left unlocked
Not
until
Not
until he stopped to rest did Jack realize that he had been wounded
Not until the building had been made safe could
anyone go
back inside
Not
only... but also
Not
only did he lose all the money, but he also found himself in debt. •
• 
Inversion
Little did anyone suspect what was about to happen
©
No sooner had I shut the door than 1 realized 1 had left my keys Inside.
fronting
This
involves putting first a clause nut normally at the beginning of the
sentence. It may also involve putting the verb in an inverted
position.
Relative
clauses can be placed first when they normally follow negative
verbs of understanding, knowing, etc. This Is normally a spoken
form.
I
have no idea who he is. Who he is. I have no idea.
I
really don't know what you mean. What you mean. I really don't know.
Here,
there, back, out up. down, on, off
etc can begin a sentence or a clause, followed by a verb. This Is
usually come
or go.
The sentence is often an exclamation.
A
messenger came bock with the answer. Back came a messenger with the
answer.
Here
comes the rain! Out went the lights!
Down
went the ship to the bottom of the sea.
As
ivc were
walking home, down came the rain, and
we had
to run for it.
In
the same way. an adverbial phrase can begin a sentence or a clause,
followed by a verb. This kind of sentence Is common In literary
writing.
A
group of armed men came along the street.
Along
the street came a group of armed men.
While
we were waiting to sec what would happen next, along the street came
a group of armed men. waving their guns in the air and shouting.
Up
the hill went the bus. creaking and groaning.
Through
the window Jumped a masked man.
conditional
sentences
as,
though
with may,
might
It
may sound unlikely, but it’s true.
Unlikely
as it may sound, it's true.
Tire
car may be cheap, but it's in terrible condition.
Cheap
though the car may be, it's in terrible condition.
try
as (someone) might
This
construction is used to mean that although sumeune tried hard, they
couldn't succeed in what they were trying to do.
She
tried hard, but couldn't move the wardrobe.
Try
as she might, she couldn't itrove (he wardrobe.
Try
as he might, he couldn't pass his driving test. •
• were,
had, should
These are highly formal, and omit if, putting the auxiliary at the beginning of the sentence.
If the government were to resign, the situation might be resolved.
Were the government to resign, the situation might be resolved.
If proper measures had been taken, this situation would not have occurred.
Had proper measures been taken, this situation would not have occurred.
It an outbreak of flu should take place, special measures will be introduced..
Should an outbreak of flu take place, special measures will be introduced.
© inversion and fronting
a |
c how serious the slluatlon was. |
|
|
b |
just as ihc players took their plares on ihe court, |
|
|
c |
my bag 1 really can't remember, |
|
|
d |
, everyone would probably have escaped from the building. |
|
|
e |
At no time. on the plane in any danger. |
|
|
f |
second thoughts, don't hesitate to phone me, |
|
|
9 |
St ra nge , 1 a n tifliiy en joy working i i ndergrou nd. |
|
|
h |
Jane the train hut also lost her iuggage. |
|
|
i |
, we might consider making another offer- |
|
|
j |
Without warning, unto Tire stage |
brandishing a knife. |
|
k |
Suddenly the sky went dark, and |
rhe rain. |
|
i |
is this piece of equipment to he removed from the building. |
|
|
a |
A Little anyone did realize |
ft kittle realized anyone |
C Little did anyone realize |
b |
A did the min pour down |
B rtomt poured the min. |
C did pour rimeti the rain |
c |
A Where I\e kfl |
it 1 Ybctc tim e 1 left |
C Where left 1 |
d |
A Had it not been locked the fire door |
B Had nol been locked the fire door |
C Had ffte fire door nol been locked |
c |
A were the passengers |
8 the passengers w ere |
c \vm they the passengers |
f |
A Should have you |
S Should you ha\r |
C Should you had |
9 |
A as ftorj it soinitl |
G sound though it is |
C ns fi may sound |
h |
A not only did she miss |
6 not only missed |
C not only did miss |
i |
A Were It the situation to change |
G Were <t change In the situation |
C Wem the situation to change |
i |
A did Jump a man |
8 jumped a man |
C did a niait jump |
k |
A there down came |
8 came down |
C rfoivTi came |
1 |
A On no account |
G Hardly |
C Rarely |
3
Write
a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in
capitals.
a
If we took no action, the situation would only become worse. WERE
Wire,
tic
-fo +dL'c. no action.,
+t\e. Si+M+ioA
<Coa\d
onl/j become.. rtocSc.
b
A member of the government rarely admits to making a serious
mistake. DOES
c
You arc nor to leave this room under any circumstances. NO
d
The police only later revealed tile true identity of the thief. DID
c
Although Andrew tried hard, he couldn't pass his driving test. MIGHT
f
If you'd consulted me at the outset, 1 could have given you the
right advice. t IAD
g
If you offered me a higher salary, I would take the job. WERE
h
If the weather worsens, the match will probably he cancelled. SI
IOULL)
i
It was only alter checking the accounts that they realized money was
missing. DID
]
The breach of security has not affected the examination results in
any way. NO
Complete
the text using one word in each gap.
Last
year, we visited brazil and saw the carnival in Rio. Strange
as
il may a , we just hadn't thought of visiting Brazil
before,
and we couldn't believe how fantastic it was. Rio is a great
city,
and it's sometimes hard to believe it's real! We really enjoyed
the
carnival. We had booked some events before we arrived, and
b did
we realize how lucky we were to have tickets for
the
Samba show. No c had we taken our seats, than
the
show began, d the stage came groups of dancers,
one
after the other, for hours! That was exhausting but there was
more
to come. Not e we stood and watched the carnival
parade
did wc realize how many people were taking part! Along
the
street f dancers and musicians, and everyone
clapped
and cheered, g anyone told me I would end
up
dancing in the street all night, I wouldn't have believed
them!
There were such amazing costumes and floats, h In a
city
as diverse as this, could you see so many unusual sights. Never
I I
have imagined what an amazing sight it would be.
Only
j we finally got home and looked at all our photos
k we
realize how incredible our holiday In Brazil had
been.
I. anyone should want to go any where else for a
holiday,
I really don't know!
©
inversion
and fronting