Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beginning as shown.

V

6

Complete the text with one word in each gap.

The ‘flu pandemic of 1918-19

The influenza pandemic of 191R-19 killed millions a ... oC ... people at the end of World War One.

As b as *40 million people are believed

to have died and more or less c ...... __ . pan

of the world was affected. As might be expected, a d ...._ number of the victims were

soldiers. In fact «n some parts of the war zone, e ... .„ .many soldiers died of influenza as

died in the fighting. In the US army at home and abroad, ten f as many soldiers died of influenza.

Unusually, in the civilian population there were relatively

g victims among the young and elder ly, the usual victims of influenza. Instead, most of llie

h millions who died were the strongest members of the population, between the ages of

20 and 40. Doctors at the time had I little idea of how to treat the disease and it spread rapidly

as the. war ended and j numbers of people returned home At the time, k .... of

people believed that the epidemic was caused by biological warfare. However there is I evidence to support this suspicion. Scientists now believe that a pandemic occurs m . .. time the

influenza virus clianges its genetic composition.This pandemic is sometimes known as the Spanish Flu because it

was believed to have caused as many n 8 million deaths in Spain in 1918. However the

outbreak is now believed to have originated in China.

r

7

Complete the text using one phrase from the list in each gap.

1. a tew

2. tttetA-enottgh

3. enough lime Л lot of

4. hardly any 9 quite a lot of

5. large numbers 10 too much

6. many 11 two or three limes as much

7. more 12 very few

4

Women in power

More than a century after women started campaigning for the right to vote, it still seems that there a 2 women in positions of power, in the world as a whole, there have been b female heads of state, and in some countries women have

c political power. In industrialized countries where d ol'women work, it

still happens that men earn e for doing the same job. Although thei? are

f successful female business leaders, there are clearly many g men at the inp. Many people helieve that this situation rcflcrts the fact that women haven't got h .. to be successful in the work place, and in the home, lhcrc is much i pics.suie on women, they say, to be good wives and mothers, and they are at

a disadvantage in the job market. However, there is j evidence to suggest that

women can be more successful in the modem business environment than men. к modem business operations

now depend on co-opcraiinn and flexibility, and women are better at these skills than men. So it may well he that in the future, quite a I . important business will he run hy women, and it will be the men who cam lower wages or stay at home.

■

EXTENSION ACTIVITY

A Write true sentences about yourself which include these words. hardly any too much quite a lot twice as much every fewer

B Write sentences about your town or country, beginning as shown.

Many Thousands of people... There are too many... There is far too much ... We need more... We haven't got much ...

V ^

© number and quantity

nouns always ending in plural s

• Nouns ending -ics have no singular form, they use zero article and a singular verb, eg mathematics, linguistics, physics, politics, athletics.

Mathematics is my favourite subject.

When not used to mean 'subjects of study', nouns of this kind can use the t plural verb. Economics Is a difficult subject. The economics of this case are complex.

• Some nouns always ending in plural s are counted as singular, though they have no singular form, eg the news, darts, billiards (and other plural games), cities with plural forms Naples, Athens etc.

The news is on at 10.00. Athens is a beautiful city.

9 Illness words always ending In plural s use a singular verb, eg measles, mumps.

Measles Is a highly infectious disease.

9 Some nouns always ending In plural s can have a singular verb when singular, and a plural verb when plural, eg crossroads, series, species, means.

This species is interesting. Both species are now extinct.

This Is a means to an end. All means have been exhausted.

9 Some nouns always ending In plural s use a plural verb, eg belongings, clothes, congratulations, earnings, goods, outskirts, remains, stairs, surroundings, thanks.

Are these your belongings? These are the remains of my car!

Some of these nouns have a singular form with a different meaning. looks She was admiring Jack’s good looks, look Could I have a look at your answers?

nouns describing groups (collective nouns)

• Some nouns describing groups of people are singular only, but can be followed by a singular or plural verb, eg the majority, the public.

9 Some singular nouns describing qroups of people use singular or plural verb depending on how we think of them, eg government, army, council, management, etc.

77>e government is planning to raise taxes. (= one body)

77re government are undecided about this matter. ( = a group of individuals)

• Some nouns describing groups of people or animals have no plural s and use a plural verb, eg people, the police, cattle.

The police are investigating the fire.

People can be used with plural s to mean nationality or race.

The peoples of the world aie united in their desire for peace.

change of meaning

Some nouns have different meanings for singular and plural.

damage The insurance company paid for the damage to the house.

damages The court awarded damages of £50.000.

custom Giving eggs at Easter is a custom here.

customs When we passed through customs, we had to open our cases

Others include, expense / expenses (money spent as part of a job), manner / manners (way of behaving), work /a work, works (of art, literature etc), glass /glasses (spectacles).

pairs

• Some nouns with plural form only can be used with a pair of ...I two pairs of etc, though this can be left out, eg glasses, trousers, shorts, pyjamas.

Where are my glasses' I've got two pairs of glasses

9 Other words which can be singular, and which can also be used with pair are socks, shoes, sandals, gloves.

• We also use possessive apostrophe with references to time, and in some fixed expressions, time an hour's hits-ride, a days' work etc

expressions be at your wits' end

Q nouns

Complete the sentence with a sinqular or plural form of a word in the list, custom damage expense glass maimer work

You’ll haw to declare these Hems at e.os-fnius when yon land in Ion don.

c-os-fnius

The newspapers were not impressed hy ihc The violent storm caused ses'Cre The sc!ico! gave Tony the complete You can put in a claim for your travel

of Mr Smith's election, throughout the west of rhecouniry. of Shakespeare as a prize, tflteit you come buck from the trip.

People here have live of opening the front door at midnight on New

Year’s Eve.

The waiter filled Maria's with spark ling water.

The injured passenger was awarded _ oi over £1 million.

As far as I'm concerned, eating and drinking on buses and trains is simply bad

j in this pan of the country, factories have closed and many people have no k Have you seen my anywhere? I can't see a thing!

1 Lor most students, rent is their biggest

2. Complete the sentence with a word from the list.

bunch cloud crowd flash gang Item pack piece shower team

a The stars of the film were met outside the cinema hy a croiCa of fans, h A sudden of lightening lit the night sky.

c The building crashed to the ground, leaving a of dust,

d A of doc tors in south London is carrying out j new study into childhood

Illnesses.

e One of the soldiers produced a of cards, and they staried to pUy.

f After a heavy ot rain, the pitch was slippery,

q Let me give you a of advice. Don’t borrow any money from that bank,

h Harry bought a large of grapes from the supermarket.

I The irain crash was the first on the fate news,

i The bank was raided by a

of armed rohlacrs,

a A belt you wear when you sit in the seat of a car. b A shelf which you put books on. c A chemical which softens water, d A pot for making coffee, e A brush for cleaning teeth, f The window of a shop, g Climbing in ihe mountains, h Equipment used in the ollice. i Something used for shar|>ening pencils, j A network of computers.

_a SAtf-f bAl+

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

Add an apostrophe where necessary and underline the word.

A

Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Hnmicrfc father the King of Denmark has died, and his mother has married his fathers brother, Claudius. Denmark is under threat of invasion by a foreign princes army. Two soldiers on duty on the ramparts of the castle see Hamlets fathers ghost. Later, the ghost speaks to Hamlet and describes his brothers method of murdering him. Hamlet promises to avenge his murder, but pretends to be mad to escape his uncles suspicions. Claudius asks Hamlets friends to find cut the reasons for his strange behaviour. Claudius adviser. Polonius. the father of Hamlets girlfriend Ophelia, suggests that his madness is caused by love. Hamlets friends invite a troupe of actors to try tc make Hamlet less unhappy. Hamlet asks them to put on a play he has written in which his fathers murder will be acted. His uncles guilt becomes clear when be slops the play and leaves with his courtiers. Hamlet kills Polonius in error and Is sent to England with his friends as port of the kings attempt to kill Hamlet.

What happens next? You’ll have to read the playl

EXTENSION ACTIVITY

A Choose a page in a magazine, newspaper or book and make a list of any collective nouns, collections or partitives, and compound nouns.

B Choose twenty words from the explanation pages, and look them up in a dictionary. How would you translate them into your language?

Need more practice? Go to the Review on page ?0R

0 nouns

pronouns, so, it, there

each (of), both (of), either, neither

• Edch

Both as a pronoun refers to two things or people together.

They both arrived at the same time Both (of them) arrived at the same time I like them both I like both of them

• Either (of) means one or the other, when it dnesn't marter which nne. It uses a singular verh. Not... either is also possible.

These two colours ore both fine. We con use cither. Either of them is suitoblc.

No. we can't use either uf them.

• Neither (of) is the negative form, meaning not one nor the other.

I don't like these two colours. We can't use either. Neither of them is suitable.

each other, one another, one ... the other

• Each other refers to two or more things or people each doing something to the other.

The rvvo men accused each other of stealing the money.

• One another has the some meaning. Some speakers prefer to use each other for two things or people, and one another for more than two.

When they get into difficulties, all the children help one another

reflexives

• Some verbs use a reflexive pronoun (eg myself) to reft« back to the subject.

/ blame myself for what happened I hnpe you enjoy yourselves

Other reflexive verbs include cut, hurt, introduce. These verbs con also have not mot objects.

We enjoyed the play a lor Thp police blamed hooligans fnr the prnhlems (normal object)

• Behave Is intransitive, and can have a reflexive but no other object, though the reflexive can be left out. Make sure yon behave yourself Try rn behave!

9 Dress, wash, shave often have a reflexive but it is not necessary.

Hurry up and dress (yourself)

• Reflexives &'e also used with verbs like see, help, give in some expressions.

I hen he saw himself m the mirror I couldn't help myself She gave herself a pat nn the hack.

someone, anyone, everyone, no-one, (somebody, something etc)

These pronouns con be used;

as a subject pronoun with a singular verh. or as an object pronoun Outer* Snmenne’s mmingt

with on adjective. I've got something Important to tell you.

with a comparative adjective. Have you gut anything smaller?

with an infinitive. He says he's got nothing to do.

with for * pronoun * infinitive. Is there anything for us to drink?

• The same uses also apply to adverbials anywhere, somewhere, nowhere. There's nowhere nice fo sit. Do you know anywhere cheaper?

I need somewhere to stay

• Else con be added lu dll uf these words lo mean 'other*.

I'm in love with someone else Do you want anything else?

There's nothing else to say There's nowhere else to sit.

©

one/ones

• can be used to avoid repeating a countable noun. Are those the ones you meant?

One can also mean 'person*. She is the one I love!

9 can be used with on adjective. I like the red one.

9 can be used with this / that etc. Do you like these ones?

9 One... the other can be used to refer to two things.

What's the difference between the MI and o lawnmower? One is a motorway and the other Is a way to mow.

one, you

9 We use one in formal speech or writing as an impersonal pronoun.

One grows to rely completely upon one’s servants.

9 In everyday speech, we use you.

I think you soon get tired of commuting long distances.

9 It is used as an 'empty subject' for verbs that have no real subject.

It's 6.30. It’s rdining. It was hut. It’s going to be ^/)0°C It’s 200 miles to Scotland. It’s cold.

9 It Is also used as a subject for say, to describe what is written; for take, to describe length of time; and in expressions it doesn't matter and it’s no use.

It says here we have to be there an hour before. It takes an hour to get there.

It doesn't really matter. It's no use. I can't make it work.

9 It is often used with seem to + action verb, and with seem as if. seem that, look as if. appear that. It seems to snow a lot in this part of the country. It seems as ff everyone is having a good time.

It looks as if we're going to be late. It appears /seems that the meeting has been postponed.

9 It is used in phrases it's a pity. It’s a shame, it doesn't matter If.

It's a pity you missed Jack. It’s a shame you didn ‘t come to the party.

It doesn't matter if I catch a later train.

there

9 There is used with be, seem, appear to introduce a statement about what exists or happens.

There's a shop at the end of the road.

There seems / appears to be a problem.

There’s been a fire at the school.

There was nobody in the building at the time.

There is no point, m doing the same thing over and over again.

9 After the statement of existence, other pronouns are used to refer back to the thing or person mentioned.

There's a shop at the end of the road. It's open until late.

There's a girl outside. She says she knows you.

9 There is used in idiomatic phrases with come, follow.

There comes a time in everyone's life when ...

There follows a party political broadcast.

© pronouns, so, it, there

r IVe looked In all ihe other places F.hSE

H Are у or і hurl ? HAVE

e What happened Is my fault MVSEI.E

f Don't worrj' If you can't gel here by eight. IT

g Have a good time .at the beach, children! FN'jfYV

h Д Jot nf people were driving loo fast, but they police stopped me

ON'F

A Write ten more examples beginning 'll...' and ten beginning 'There ...' B Translate your examples into your language.

Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.

© pronouns, so, it, there

adjectives

adjective position

• attributive adjectives

These come immediately befoie the noun.

an old buildinq a hea vy suitcase

• predicative adjectives

These come after be, become, seem, look, appear, feel, and can be used without a noun.

This vase looks old. It's heavy too.

• The following adjectives are usually attributive (before a noun): classifying: chief, entire, local, main, national, only, particular, sole, whole etc.

T/ws is the main problem. I have a particular reason for asking.

emphatic: mere, sheer, otter This is utter nonsense!

The mere thought of hsinq depresses me.

Other adjectives lake on an emphatic meaning when attributive (before a noun): complete, perfect, total, pure. This is pure nonsense!

• Some adjectives are only predicative:

afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, ill, well.

Are yoo awake? Luckily they were both alive.

I feel ill. You look well.

• Others are usually predicative: glad, pleased, sorry, upset.

You should be pleased. I don’t feel sorry.

• something, anyone etc and adveroials somewhere etc can be followed by adjectives.

Do you want to know something interesting? ! need somewhere quiet.

• When looking up adjectives in a cictionary, check whether the meaning you want is attributive or predicative.

Helen is a responsible pupil, (attributive - sensible, reliable)

WI>o was responsible for the accident? (predicative - who caused it?)

verbs of sensation

• appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste are followed by adjectives not adverbs.

This smells bad. It tastes awful too.

gradable and ungradable

• Gradable adjectives have degrees of meaning, they can be used with very, too, enough and have comparative and superlative forms.

It’s very heavy This one is heavier.

Ungradable adjectives are absolute, they do not have comparative or superlative forms and cannot be used with very etc.

This tree is dead This vase is unique.

nouns as adjectives

• Nouns that refer to substances, places, seasons and parts of a whole can he used as adjectives, borne suhstance words have adjectives ending *en: wooden, woollen, golden. Check with a dictionary for usage.

These are cotton trousers. They are my summer clothes.

©

meaning

As many adjectives have a wide range of meaning, and may be used metaphorically, always check in a dictionary.

Janet is a heavy smoker. (= she smokes a lot)

I walked away with heavy heart (= idiom: I felt sad or depressed)

This is a heavy responsibility. (= serious)

Heavy fighting continued all day. (= involving many people and weapons)

The lecture was a bit heavy going. (= hard to understand)