Wholesaling

Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.

Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one-third of total sales.

Two-third of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There die also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don’ t earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.

Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average supermarket stocks 5.000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more than 6.000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and retailer. The store-keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers

Вариант 4

1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother ). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.

1. I spent all my money on books last month. 2. We shall do all this work today: there is too much of it. 3. When I start doing this, somebody always stops me. 4. Don't leave these sweets on the table: somebody will eat them. 5. The bees attacked the bear when it tried to take their honey.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.

1. They (wrote/were written) many articles for the magazine last year. 2. All the graduates (defend/ are defended) their candidate theses before the Examination Board. 3. Many compulsory subjects ( will be taken/will take) by the first-year students. 4. These data (are refered to/ refer to) often. 5.The water (has boiled/has been boiled) already.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.

1. Progress is made every day in the world of science. 2. This problem is being given much attention to at present. 3. The new cosmic achievements are much spoken about. 3. The delegation of foreign students (to show) all the laboratories of our institute last week. 4. Many subjects (to study) in the first year. 5. I (to surprise) by his present for my last birthday.

4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES

The foreign exchange market is the market in which the currencies of different countries are exchanged for one another. The foreign exchange market is made up of thousands of people all over the world - importers and exporters, banks and specialists in the buying and selling of foreign exchange called foreign exchange brokers.

The foreign exchange market opens on Monday morning in Tokyo, when it is still midnight on Sunday in London. As the day advances, the foreign exchange market also opens in Zurich, Frankfurt, London, New York and finally in Vancouver and Los Angeles.

Before these last two markets have closed, Tokyo is open again for the next day of business.

The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called a foreign exchange rate.

In the UK there are three possible foreign exchange rate regimes. They are:

• Fixed exchange rate

• Flexible- (or floating) exchange rate

• Managed exchange rate

Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be pegged by the Bank of .England. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be determined by market forces with no intervention by the Bank of England. Under a managed exchange rate regime, the Bank of England would intervene in the foreign exchange market to smooth out fluctuations in the value of the pound but it would not seek to maintain the pound at an absolutely constant value for a long period of time.