1. Text “Production of petroleum and natural gas”

2. Grammar: Non-finite forms of the verb. Infinitive

1). Read, translate and discuss the text Text “Production of petroleum and natural gas”

The individual pool, in a productive belt, may extend in any direction to that of the field as a whole, in spite of the common idea that all lie in one direction. For example, the northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas field has a general north-south trend, but the individual pools may trend in any direction. The individual pools in the Kansas part of the field have their long axes in all directions.

The direction of the long axis of a pool depends usually on the structure and in any region the majority of the folds are likely to have their long axes in the same direction, so that it is probable that the majority of the pools will trend the same .way. There are, however, almost always exceptions to this rule, and the development cannot be certainly predicted on the basis of that of other pools in the vicinity unless it is known that the structure is the same.

Oil Seeps and Asphalt Deposits among the features that are often cited as indications of oil and gas are the so-called oil seeps which occur in practically all parts of the state. True oil seeps are undoubtedly proof of the presence of oil or asphalt, but such seeps are rare in the Mid-continent fields. Asphalt seeps are known in the Uvalde region of Texas, and are reported from Coke and Stephens counties. Seeps and deposits of asphalt and very heavy asphaltic oil occur in many places in and around the Arbuckle Mountains in Oklahoma, around the Wichita Mountains and in the region between the two mountain groups. Several- small deposits of asphalt have been found in the Trinity sand in southern Oklahoma and in Montague county, Texas. Hard, brittle asphalts are present in the Ouachita Mountain region in Oklahoma.

In considering an oil seep or asphalt deposit as an indication of the presence of considerable bodies of underground, a careful study of the geologic conditions must be made. In regions where there is considerable faulting or intrusions of igneous rock the oil seep may have its origin in deposits of oil which are deeply buried. The faulting or the intrusions may have so broken the rocks as to permit of the escape of a small portion of the oil, forming a seep. Such conditions exist in California, Mexico, South America and in other foreign fields. In these regions the presence of oil seeps is a valuable aid in prospecting for oil. Seeps of oil and gas have also been of value. in locating the salt dome fields in the Gulf Coast region in Texas and Louisiana.

2). Grammar: the infinitive

The infinitive developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized, retaining at the same time some of its nominal properties. Thus in Modern English the infinitive, like the participle and the gerund, has a double nature, nominal and verbal.

1. The nominal character of the infinitive is manifested in its syntactic functions. The infinitive can be used:

(a) as the subject of a sentence. To go on like this was dangerous. (Galsworthy)

(b) as a predicative. Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night. (Hardy)

(c) as an object. I have never learnt to read or write. (Collins)

2. The verbal characteristics of the infinitive are as follows:

(a) the infinitive of transitive verbs can take a direct object. He... began to feel some curiosity... (Eliot)

(b) the infinitive can be modified by an adverb. I cannot write so quickly.

(c) the infinitive has tense and aspect distinctions; the infinitive of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.

In Modern English the infinitive has the following forms:

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	—
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been writing	—

The tense and aspect distinctions of the infinitive.

Like the tense distinctions of all verbals those of the infinitive are not absolute but relative.

1. The Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past or future.

I am glad to meet you. (Dreiser)

I was glad to see Mr. Paul. (Ch. Bronte)

Mr. Forsyte will be very glad to see you. (Galsworthy)

2. The Continuous Infinitive also denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb, but it is an action in progress. Thus the continuous, infinitive is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form, expressing both time relations and the manner in which the action is presented.

They happened, at the moment, to be standing near a small conservatory at the end of the garden. (Collins)

В этот момент они как раз стояли около небольшой оранжереи в конце сада.

3. The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.

“I’m glad to have seen you,” he said. (Dreiser)

«Я рад, что повидал вас», — сказал он.

An intimate friend is said to have dined with him that day. (Hardy)

Говорят, что в этот день у него обедал его близкий друг.

After such verbs as to mean, to expect, to intend, to hope used in the Past Indefinite, the Perfect Infinitive shows that the hope or intention was not carried out.

I meant to have gone there.

Я собирался пойти туда (но не пошел).

I meant to have given you five shillings this morning for a Christmas-box, Sam. I’ll give it you this afternoon, Sam. (Dickens)

Я хотел подарить вам пять шиллингов на рождество, Сэм; я подарю их

вам сегодня, Сэм.

The same meaning can be conveyed by the Past Perfect of the finite verb followed by the Indefinite Infinitive.

I had meant to go there.

He had meant to marry me. (Eliot)

Он имел намерение жениться на мне.

4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted, a certain time before the action of the finite verb. It is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form.

For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam. (Jerome) Дней десять мы, казалось, питались только холодным мясом, печеньем и хлебом с вареньем.

The infinitive can be used in different syntactic functions. A single infinitive occurs but seldom: in most cases we find an infinitive phrase, i.e. an infinitive with one or several accompanying words.

1. The infinitive as a subject.

To doubt, under the circumstances, is almost to insult. (Ch. .Bronte)

Сомневаться при таких обстоятельствах — это почти означает нанести

оскорбление.

То acquire knowledge and to acquire it unceasingly, is the first duty of the artist. (Thurston)

Приобретать знания, и приобретать их непрерывно — вот первый долг

художника.

Even to think of it gave him ineffable torture. (Bennett)

Одна мысль об этом причиняла ему невыразимые страдания.

То be recognized, greeted by some local personage afforded her a joy which was very great.

Когда ее узнавал и приветствовал какой-нибудь видный местный житель, она испытывала большую радость.

From these examples we can see that the infinitive as a subject can be rendered in Russian by an infinitive, by a noun, or by a clause.

Though the infinitive as the subject sometimes precedes the predicate, cases when it follows the predicate are far more common; with the infinitive in the latter position, the sentence opens with the introductory it, which serves as an introductory subject. The introductory it is not translated into Russian.

It is useless to discuss the question. (Eliot)

Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос.

It was pleasant to be driving a car again. (Braine)

Было приятно снова вести машину.

2. The infinitive as a preidicative.

My intention is to get into parliament. (Trollope)

Моя цель — пройти в парламент.

The infinitive can also be used as part of a predicative.

The abode of Mrs. Betty was not easy to find. (Dickens)

Жилище миссис Бетти было нелегко найти.

3. The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate.

(a) With modal verbs, modal expressions, and verbs expressing modality the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate.

We must not leave him by himself any longer. (Dickens)

The train was to leave at midnight. (Hemingway)

...I intend to lead a better life in the future. (Wilde)

(b) With verbs denoting the beginning, duration, or end of an action the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.

Imprisonment began to tell upon him. (Dickens)

Before daylight it started to drizzle. (Hemingway)

Clare continued to observe her. (Hardy)

...they gradually ceased to talk. (Twain)

Exercise 1. State the function of the infinitive and Infinitive Constructions. Translate them into Kazakh

1. It was then an easy matter for me to go to Paul's room and make an appropriate signal to Kitty, and she turned back, up the street to disappear round the corner into Church Square. (Clark) 2. She made a curious, fumbling gesture towards me, as if to convey a sort of affection. (Hansford Johnson) 3. It was charming to see him play with the two children. (Maugham) 4. To tell you the truth, Mr. Butler, I did not want Aileen to leave your home at all. (Dreiser) 5. I happen to know that he was supposed to come to the wedding. (Salinger) 6. Gertrude gave a long soft exhalation. It made the young man smile at her again; and this smile made her blush a little. To take refuge from blushing she asked him if, after his long walk, he was not hungry and thirsty. (James) 7. Charles Lomax's exertions are much more likely to decrease his income than to increase it. (Shaw) 8. Your shortest way will be to follow the boulevard, and cross the park... but it is too late and too dark for a woman to go through the park alone. (Ch. Brontë) 9. In spite of herself the colour fled from her cheeks instantly, only to come back in a hot, defiant wave. (Dreiser) 10. They hardly expect him to recover consciousness; it was a terrible knock.

Exercise 2. Point out the Objective-with-the-Infinitive and the Subjective Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Kazakh

1. Never once had she been seen to cry. (Mansfield) 2. It was the first time he had ever seen her weep. (Buck) 3. He didn't mean this to be a long meeting. (Snow) 4. There was a rumour that at last they were likely to be married, (Snow) 5.... without remonstrance she suffered me to have my own way. (Ch. Brontë) 6. Irving proved to be a long, sallow-faced butler chap, solemn as an undertaker. (Priestley) 7. Mr. Worthing is sure to be back soon. (Wilde) 8. I came to get someone to tell me the truth. (Hansford Johnson) 9. I'll have Bertha bring you breakfast. (Stone) 10. Unfortunately, at this moment he chances to catch sight of Judith's face. (Shaw) 11. I have never known Hector Rose behave like this. (Snow) 12. His "office" turned out to be in one of the back streets close by Olympia. (Snow) 13, Conrad pulled out a chair and made her sit down. (Greene) 14. He... looked at his watch, rang the bell, and ordered the vehicle to be brought round immediately. (Eliot) 15. Paul felt his heart lift as at a great victory. (Cronin) 16.... people took an oath, a pledge, when they were married, and that was supposed to hold them together. (Lindsay) 17. You make me think of spring flowers... (Braine) 18. At thirteen he began to read books that were said to be evil. (Saroyan)

19.Young men of this class never do anything for themselves that they can get other people to do for them. (James) 20. He said he wouldn't suffer a word to be uttered to him in his uncle's disparagement. (E. Brontë) 21. She doesn't seem to want to do anything I suggest. (Dreiser) 22. Cecily and Gwendolen are perfectly certain to be extremely great friends. (Wilde) 23. He heard the town clock strike twelve. (Faulkner) 24. Nearly a year ago, I chanced to tell him our legend of the nun... (Ch. Brontë) 25. Harriet, pale and trembling... suffered her to go on uninterrupted. (Dickens) 26. "You will not allow this base newspaper slander to shorten your stay here, Mr. Winkle?" said Mrs. Pott, smiling through the traces of her tears. (Dickens) 27. He turned out to have no feeling whatsoever for his nephew. (Snow) 28. I don't like him to be so long alone. (Hansford Johnson)

WEEK 7

1. Text “Types of wells”

2. Grammar: Gerund

3. Presentation “Development of oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan”

1). Read, translate and analyze the text