2). Grammar: the compound and complex sentences

To separate coordinate clauses the following rules on the use of stops are observed. Coordinate clauses joined asyndetically are always separated by a stop.The most usual stop is the semicolon.

Arthur looked at his watch; it was nine o’clock. (Voynich)

The policeman took no notice of them; his feet were planted apart on the strip

of crimson carpet stretched across the pavement; his face, under the helmet,

wore the same stolid, watching look as theirs. (Galsworthy)

A colon or a dash may be used when the second coordinate clause serves to explain the first. They serve to express the relations which a conjunction would express.

Breakfast over, Aunt Polly had family worship: it began with a prayer built

from the ground up of solid courses of scriptural quotations. (Twain)

Ellsworth advised a triangular piano — the square shapes were so

inexpressibly wearisome to the initiated. (Dreiser)

A comma is used to separate coordinate clauses when the connection between them is very close.

A fly settled on his hair, his breathing sounded heavy in the drowsy silence,

his upper lip under the white moustache puffed in and out. (Galsworthy)

Coordinate clauses joined by copulative conjunctions.

Clauses joined by the conjunction and may be separated by a comma (if the connection between the clauses is close) or a semicolon (if the clauses are more independent). Occasionally a dash is used.

...a library was a most likely place for her, and he might see her there.

(London)

He wondered what boat it was, and why she did not stop at the wharf — and

then he dropped her out of his mind and put his attention upon his business.

(Twain)

Coordinate clauses joined by the conjunctions neither, nor are generally separated by a semicolon.

Martin did not laugh; nor did he grit his teeth in anger. (London)

She would not listen, therefore, to her daughter’s proposal of being carried

home; neither did the apothecary, who arrived about the same time, think it

necessary. (Austen)

Occasionally a comma is found.

He could not bring them back, nor could he go back to them. (London)

But you can’t get at him, neither can we. (Dickens)

Clauses joined by the conjunctive adverbs moreover, besides, then are usually separated by a semicolon.

He seemed to have no desire to go; besides his clothes were not good enough. It was the custom of that youth on Saturdays, to roll up his shirt sleeves to his shoulders, and pervade all parts of the house in an apron of coarse green baize; moreover, he was more strongly tempted on Saturdays than on other days.

Coordinate clauses joined by disjunctive conjunctions are usually separated by a comma. A dash may also be used.

The whole world had come alive again, was going as fast as we were, or

rather we were going no faster than the rest of the world. (Wells)

Either his going had been again delayed, or he had yet procured no

opportunity of seeing Miss Crawford alone, or he was too happy for letter-

writing. (Austen)

Occasionally a semicolon or a dash is found before the conjunction or.

But to live in ignorance on such a point was impossible; or, at least, it was

impossible not to try for information. (Austen)

She was disappointed — or did it only seem to him? (Wells)

Coordinate clauses joined by adversative conjunctions.

Clauses joined by the conjunctions but and while are separated by a comma or a semicolon. A dash may also be found.

He still smoked, but he drank no more.Tom was a Whig, while Esmond was a Tory.

Her own limits were the limits of her horizon; but limited minds can recognize limitation only in others.

He was driven out into the cold world, he must submit — but he forgave them.

Clauses joined by the conjunctive adverbs yet, whereas, still as a rule are separated by a semicolon. A comma is used but seldom.

It gave him exquisite delight to watch every movement and play of those lips as they enunciated the words she spoke; yet they were not ordinary lips such as all men and women had. (London)

Upon the other step was Mr. Jonas; whereas the youngest gentleman was deep in the booking-office among the black and red plackards. (Dickens)

Clauses joined by causative-consecutive conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs are as a rule separated by a comma or a semicolon.

“Who?” asked Clyde, pretending an innocence he could not physically verify, for his cheeks and forehead flushed. (Dreiser)

Don’t approach me; for I hate you beyond measure. (Bennett)

Clauses joined by the conjunction so are separated by a comma.

It was clear that something had happened, so we eased up. (Jerome)

Occasionally we find a dash or a colon before the conjunctions for and so.

Aunt Polly asked him questions — for she wanted to trap him into damaging

revealments. (Twain)

Becky was gone to her Constantinople home to stay with her parents during

vacations — so there was no bright side to life anywhere. (Twain)

А sentence containing direct speech consists of two independent clauses.

Direct speech is given in quotation marks. The clause containing direct speech is separated from the other coordinate clause, which introduces the direct speech, by a comma.

The lady said to her friend, “Why, Rawdon, it’s Captain Dobbin.”

“Come in and have your milk,” he said. (Galsworthy)

A colon is also possible.

Bosinney replied coolly: “The work is a remarkable one.” (Galsworthy)

“June’s not here,” said his father hastily: “went off to-day on a visit.”

If the clause containing direct speech is interrogative or exclamatory, a note of interrogation or a note of exclamation is used; the clause is not separated from the other clause by a stop, if the clause containing direct speech precedes the other. If it follows the other clause, a comma or a semicolon is used.

“Where do you get your things?” he said in an aggravated voice. (Galsworthy)

“I’d no idea it was so good!” he said. (Galsworthy)

She sank down by his side and cried: “Oh, Phil! it’s all so horrid!”

Then Soames asked: “When do you expect to have finished?” (Galsworthy)

Exercise 1. Translate into Kazakh the conjunctions and conjunction words in the following complex sentences. What parts of speech are the conjunction words?

1. Please tell him that? I’ll be back at five o’clock.

2. Please tell me which cities you’ve been to.

3. I’m going to tell you tomorrow who else is going to India.

4. Do you know who he usually prepares for his exam with?

5. I don’t know who they’re speaking about.

6. Do you know whose work they’re discussing?

7. Can you tell me where you’re going for your summer holiday?

8. I don’t know when we’ll be able to go to the cinema or the theatre.

9. Do you know why he’s done it?

10. Do you know how well these students can speak English?

11. Will you tell me how I can get there?

12. I don’t want to know what they’re talking about.

13. Can you tell us what you’re going to read next month?

14. Please tell me my teacher that I’m going to read a book by Jack London.

15. Can you tell us what you have decided to do?

16. Please tell him that I’m leaving tomorrow afternoon.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into Kazakh:

1. The tanks in a tanks farm may have different number and size, depending upon the daily production and frequency of pipeline runs. 2. The total storage capacity of a tank farm is usually 3 to 7 days’ production. 3. The tanks are made of bolted steel or welded steel. 4. Stock tanks usually have a drain outlet for draining off basic sediments and water. 5. It is necessary to clean the tanks from paraffin and basic sediments regularly. 6. Tanks are equipped with cleanout plates. 7. The thief hatch can be lowered into the tank and samples of oil obtained to determine the basic sediments and water content in the oil and its API gravity. 8. A valve is on the inlet line so that it may be closed to prevent oil from entering the tank after the tank is full and ready for delivery. 9. The temperature of oil in the tank is determined while thieving the tank.10. Cleanout plates can be removed so that a workman can enter the tank.

WEEK 14

1. Text “JSC “Astrakhan Korabel””

2. Grammar: Conditional sentences

3. Presentation “My future profession”

1). Read, translate and retell the text