2). Grammar: participle

A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun or noun phrase, and thus plays a role similar to that of an adjective or adverb^[1] (some languages have distinct forms for adverbial participles and adjectival participles). It is one of the types of non-finite verb forms. Its name comes from the Latin participium,^[2] a calque of Greek metochḗ "partaking" or "sharing";^[3] it is so named because the Ancient Greek and Latin participles "share" some of the categories of the adjective or noun (gender, number, case) and some of those of the verb (tense and voice).

Participles may correspond to the active voice (active participles), where the modified noun is taken to represent the agent of the action denoted by the verb; or to the passive voice (passive participles), where the modified noun represents the patient (undergoer) of that action. Participles in particular languages are also often associated with certain verbal aspects or tenses. The two types of participle in English are traditionally called the present participle (forms such as writing, singing and raising; these same forms also serve as gerunds and verbal nouns), and the past participle (forms such as written, sung and raised; regular participles such as the last, as well as some irregular ones, have the same form as the finite past tense).

In some languages, participles can be used in the periphrastic formation of compound verb tenses, aspects or voices. For example, one of the uses of the English present participle is to express continuous aspect, while the past participle can be used in expressions of perfect aspect and passive voice (as in Anne has written and Bill was killed). A verb phrase based on a participle and having the function of a participle is called a participle phrase or participial phrase (participial is the adjective derived from participle). For example, looking hard at the sign and beaten by his father are participial phrases based respectively on an English present participle and past participle. Participial phrases generally do not require an expressed grammatical subject; therefore such a verb phrase also constitutes a complete clause (one of the types of non-finite clause). As such, it may be called a participle clause or participial clause. (Occasionally a participial clause does include a subject, as in the English nominative absolute construction The king having died, ... .)

In Old English, past participles of Germanic strong verbs were marked with a ge- prefix, as are most strong and weak past participles in Dutch and German today, and often by a vowel change in the stem. Those of weak verbs were marked by the ending -d, with or without an epenthetic vowel before it. Modern English past participles derive from these forms. Old English present participles were marked with an ending in -ende (or -iende for verbs whose infinitives ended in -ian). In Middle English, various forms were used in different regions: -ende (southwest, southeast, Midlands), -inde (southwest, southeast), -and (north), -inge (southeast). The last is the one that became standard, falling together with the suffix -ing used to form verbal nouns. See -ing (etymology).

Modern English verbs, then, have two participles:

• The present participle, also sometimes called the active, imperfect, or progressive participle, takes the ending -ing. It is identical in form to the gerund (and verbal noun); the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund, and the term "gerund–participle" is also used.

• The past participle, also sometimes called the passive or perfect participle, is identical to the past tense form (in -ed) in the case of regular verbs, but takes various forms in the case of irregular verbs, such as sung, written, put, gone, etc.

The present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows:

• to form the progressive (continuous) aspect: Jim was sleeping.

• as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: The man sitting over there is my uncle.

• adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same as that of the main clause: Looking at the plans, I gradually came to see where the problem lay.

• similarly, but with a different subject, placed before the participle (the nominative absolute construction): He and I having reconciled our differences, the project then proceeded smoothly.

• more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: Broadly speaking, the project was successful.

Past participles, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from them, are used as follows:

• to form the perfect aspect: The chicken has eaten.

• to form the passive voice: The chicken was eaten.

• as an adjective phrase: The chicken eaten by the children was contaminated.

• adverbially: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.

• in a nominative absolute construction, with a subject: The task finished, we returned home.

Exercise 1. State the form and the function of Participle I. Translate them into Kazakh

1. Having traversed seven hundred miles he was now travelling toward the border of the United States. (Horgan) 2. There was a tiny smile playing about the corners of his mouth. (Stone) 3. He had a beautiful old house in Queen Anne Street, and being a man of taste he had furnished it admirably. (Maugham) 4. Dona Carlotta covered her face with her hand, as if swooning. (Lawrence) 5. Turning in anger, she gave John a shove, spilling his tea. (Lindsay) 6. To Maggie, the new protective gentleness of her son was sweet, and also very frightening. (Lessing) 7. Judging him by his figure and his movements, he was still young. (Collins) 8. Placing his drink upon the mantelpiece the ex-convict stood for a moment observing the young man out of the corner of his eye. (Cronin) 9. Being very tired with his walk however, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. (Dickens) 10. He [Lincoln] raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles. (Stone) 11. There were four girls sitting on the wooden benches of the agency's front room. (I. Shaw) 12. Having shaken hands with them, he brought his own hands together with a sharp slap. (Priestley) 13. Manuel went in, carrying his suitcase. (Hemingway) 14. While pondering this problem, I sat in the dormitory window-seat. (Ch. Brontë) 15. I am going to Rome, having friends there. (Dickens) 16. There was sunlight coming in through the shutters. (Hemingway) 17. Abraham appeared at noon the next day, bringing with him two hundred dollars in cash. (Stone) 18. Much of the afternoon I looked out of the window, as though thinking, but not really thinking. (Snow) 19. He was thoughtful for a moment while leaning perilously close to the fire. (Stone) 20. Cecilia had heard very little being absorbed in her own reflections. (Crawford) 21. Having breakfasted, out I went. (Ch. Brontë) 22. He looked at his father listening with a kind of painful desperation. (Cronin) 23. She recrossed her legs comfortably, as though preparing for a long session on the sofa. (I. Shaw) 24. Never having encouraged friends to drop in spontaneously, she was almost totally alone. (Stone) 25. A cold wind swept the pavement, bearing a scrap of silver paper from a chocolate box across the lamplight. (Greene)

WEEK 9