Text “Types of wells”

The well is formed by consistent destruction of rock and its extraction to the surface. In the way of ordinary drilling, the whole body of rock is destructed. And, in the course of core recovery1 drilling only annular space near well walls is destructed, and rock column is extracted in undefeated state for deposit geological structure investigation. End use of the wells is different. All wells, drilled with the aim of region investigations, quest, prospecting and oil and gas deposits exploitation, are divided into following types.

Key wells are drilled for regions’ geological structure and hydro-geological conditions investigation, definition of general regularities of deposits occurrence, favorable for oil and gas accumulation, in order to select the most perspective directions of exploration works for oil and gas. Parametric wells are drilled for subsurface geological structure studying and comparative assessment of oil-and-gas content perspectives of possible accumulation zones, for detection of the most prospective regions for detail geological works, and for obtaining necessary data about geologic-geophysical sedimentary profile characteristics in order to get precise results of seismic and other geophysical investigations.

Record wells are bored for detection and preparation to prospect drilling of the perspective areas (anticlinal folds, blind and fringe zones, etc). According to the information received in the process of record wells drilling, attitude of beds elements in different points (tectonics, stratigraphy, and lithology) and the area profiles are defined. Prospect wells or wildcat are drilled on the areas which were prepared in the course of geological prospecting works (geological survey, geological drilling, geophysical and geochemical observations and a complex of these methods) in order to determine oil-and-gas content.

Exploration wells are drilled on the areas with fixed industrial oil-and-gas content for deposit delimitation, estimation of reserves and preparation for its exploitation. Recovery wells are bored for exploitation of oil and gas deposits. This category includes development test wells, producing oil wells, pressure wells, and observation wells. To this type also belong wells, which are intended for thermo – effect on bed in the way of deposits exploitation with extra-heavy oils.

Special wells are drilled for produced water discharge; open oil and gas spring elimination; preparation of the underground gas storage structures and pumping gas into them; prospecting and extraction of process waters.

Answer the questions using information of the text:

How is the well formed?

What are the peculiarities of ordinary and core drilling?

How the wells are divided according their end use?

What are the parametric wells drilled for?

What are the recovery wells? What do they include?

2). Grammar: the gerund

A gerund cannot take a grammatical subject like a finite verb does. (The -ing verb form can take a subject in nominative absolute constructions such as The day being over, ..., but here it is a present participle rather than a gerund.) Normally the subject of the gerund is considered unspecified, or is understood to be the same as the subject of the main clause: in a sentence like "Meg likes eating apricots", the subject of eating is understood to be the same as the subject of the main clause, namely Meg – what Meg likes is a situation where she herself is eating apricots. However in other cases it is necessary to specify explicitly who or what is to be understood as the subject of the gerund.

Many prescriptive grammarians prefer the subject of such a gerund to be expressed using the possessive form, since the gerund clause serves as a noun phrase. Hence:

• We enjoyed their singing. (i.e. the singing that was done by them)

• The cat's licking the cream was not generally appreciated. (i.e. the licking that was done by the cat)

• We were delighted at Paul's being awarded the prize. (i.e. the awarding of the prize to Paul)

The above construction is common in formal English; however in informal English it is often more usual to use just the noun or noun phrase (in the objective case, in the case of personal pronouns) to indicate the subject, without any possessive marker.

• We enjoyed them singing.

• The cat licking the cream was not generally appreciated.

• We were delighted at Paul being awarded the prize.

The above usage, though common, is criticized by prescriptivists, since it apparently places two noun phrases (the agent and the gerund clause) together without any indication of their syntactic relation. It is compared with a superficially identical construction in which the -ing form is a present participle, and it is entirely appropriate for it to be preceded by a noun phrase, since the participial clause can be taken to qualify that noun phrase:

• I saw the cat licking the cream. (i.e. I saw the cat, and the cat was licking the cream)

The use of a non-possessive noun to precede a gerund is said to arise as a result of confusion with the above usage with a participle, and is thus sometimes called fused participle^] or geriple.^[ This construction represents common informal usage with gerunds; however, if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning:

• The teacher's shouting startled the student. (shouting is a gerund, the shouting startled the student)

• The teacher shouting startled the student. (shouting can be interpreted as a participle, qualifying the teacher; the teacher startled the student by shouting)

• I don't like Jim's drinking wine. (I don't like the drinking)

• I don't like Jim drinking wine. (I don't like Jim when he is drinking wine)

In some cases, particularly with a non-personal subject, the use of the possessive before a gerund may be considered redundant even in quite a formal register. For example, "There is no chance of the snow falling" (rather than the prescriptively correct "There is no chance of the snow's falling"). The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character. The gerund is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.

The double nature of the gerund

As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:

1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.

They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)

I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)

The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)

2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.

I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)

3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.

“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this engagement,” he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy)

«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он тетушке Энн.

Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy) Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?

The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:

1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.

I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. (Swift)

2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.

She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)

3. The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:

(a) by a noun.

Dancing had not begun yet... Танцы еще не начались.

(b) by an infinitive.

She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.

It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.

(c) by деепричастие.

And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us.

И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.

On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his.

Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.

(d) by a subordinate clause.

Не regretted now having come. Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.

It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.

As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.

After having been informed of the conference in my lady’s room... he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. После того, как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи... он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.

Exercise 1. Point out the Gerundial Construction and comment on the way it is expressed. Translate the sentences into Kazakh

1.You must excuse my being so breathless, I'm not really breathless, it's just the excitement. 2. These happy events occurred without any recommendation having been made by Rain-borough, and indeed without his having been officially informed. 3. The maid said something about the American lady's having come back to Rodnik. 4. It was easy to imagine Cave sitting silent. 5. She was interrupted by her father's voice and by her father's hat being heavily flung from his hand and striking her face. 6. He brought in a portmanteau with him, which he doubted its being worth while to unpack. 7. Besides, there's no danger of it happening again. 8. "It's no good you staying," Jack Burton said. 9. Jack laughed. Their being bothered amused him.10. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door.11. There is something so inexpressibly absurd to me in the idea of Caddy being married.12. I was not surprised by Caddy's being in low spirits. 13. You knew young Pyle well didn't you? I can't get over a thing like that happening to him. 14. She laughed at the thought of her husband and Johnny looking after the house. 15. He felt almost a gloomy satisfaction at the thought of all these disasters happening at once. .

Exercise 2. Translate into Kazakh paying attention to the Gerund

1. Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 3. I like skiing, but my sister prefers skating. 4. She likes sitting in the sun. 5. It looks like raining. 6. My watch wants repairing. 7. Thank you for comimg.8. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 9. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 10. Let’s go boating. 11. He talked without stopping. 12. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 13. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 14. Iron is found digging in the earth. 15. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugar- cane. 16. Jane Eyre was fond of reading. 17. Miss Trotwood was in the habit of asking Mr. Dick his opinion.

Exercise 3. Сomplete the following sentences using gerund

1 He bought a good knife for … . 2. I thanked him for … . 3. He went home instead of … . 4. I’ll speak to her before … . 5. He left the room with out … 6. He went to the factory after … . 7. He had much difficulty in … . 8. I insist on … . 9. He bought some books instead of … . 10. After … he went to bed. 11. I’ll call on him before … .12. He rang me up before … .

WEEK 8