The circulatory (cardiovascular) system

The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circula­tion. Hence, by the cardiovascular system is meant the heart, the artheries, the veins, and capillaries of the human body. Basically the heart is a hollow muscle which is divided into four chambers. The right heart consists of an upper chamber called an atrium (with the auricle) and a lower chamber called a ventricle. Between these two chambers is a one-way valve, called the tricuspid valve. The left heart has two simi­lar chambers, but the valve that separates its chambers is called the mitral valve. Although the heart is a unit, anatom­ically and functionally, it can be thought of as two isolated pumps — the “right heart" and the “left heart". Normally the only route of communication between these two parts of the heart is the lung. The right heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lung by way of the lesser circula­tory system. In the lung the blood is supplied with oxygen. Then it moves into the left heart. From the left heart the well-oxygenated blood is pumped into a large artery called the aorta, which distributes it to the entire body by means of the greater circulatory system. The blood is returned to the heart by means of the veins. A continuous circulation is thus kept up. The walls of the capillaries are so thin that the dissolved nourishment, which comes from the digestive sys­tem, and the oxygen, which comes from the lungs and is contained in the blood, can pass through them into the tissues of the body and so nourish it, while the impurities from the tissues are taken up by the capillaries and are carried away in the blood. The capillaries from a close net-work all over the body, and, gradually joining together and getting larger, they become veins.

The blood is a red fluid, which coagulates when it escapes from a blood vessel. It consists of colourless fluid, called plasma or serum, and many millions of minute bodies, too small to be seen by the naked eye, which give the blood its colour and substance, the corpuscles.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells). These cells are made in the bone marrow (soft tissue in the center of some bones in the body) and are important in that they transport oxygen (0₂) from the lungs through the bloodstream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron (globin = protein), is an important protein in erythrocytes which helps to carry the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (C0₂), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells from the body cells to the lungs where it is expelled in the process of breathing.

Leukocytes (white blood cells). There are several types of leukocytes:

1. Granulocytes (cells with granules in their cytoplasm) are formed in bone marrow. There are three types of granulo­cytes:

1. Eosinophils (granules stain red with acid stain) are thought to be active and elevated in allergic conditions such as asthma.

2. Basophils (granules stain blue with basic stain). The function of basophils in the body is unclear.

3. Neutrophils (granules stain blue and red (purple) with neutral stain) are called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (poly = many; morpho = shape or form) because the nu­cleus has many forms or shapes. The function of polymor- phonuclears is defense of the body against bacteria by means of phagocytosis. These cells are called polys as an abbrevia­tion.

2. Agranulocytes (cells without granules in cytoplasm) are produced by lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes:

1. Lymphocytes (lymph cells) fight disease by produc­ing antibodies and thus destroying foreign material. They may also attach directly to foreign material and destroy it.

2. Monocytes (cells with a very large nucleus) ingest (phagocytose) and destroy foreign material.

Platelets or thrombocytes. These tiny cells, formed in the bone marrow, are necessary for blood clotting.

These phrases will help you to narrate the texts: the text describes (concerns) smth. у тексті описується I’d like to start with a description of smth. я хотів би розпочати з опису ... it is important to point out that... важливо вказати, що ...

I can’t but mention that... не можу зауважити, що. . let me pass to the description of smth. дозвольте перейти до опису...

what I have found out is that... що мені вдалося з'ясувати, це те, що...

the author makes it clear that... автор чітко стверджує, що...

in conclusion let me remind again that... на завершення дозвольте нагадати знову, що... for all I know we must agree (disagree) with the state­ment that... наскільки мені відомо, ми повинні погодитись із твердженням, що... it is necessary to make further investigation (research) of необхідно здійснити подальше дослідження

Task 4. Do additional information pertaining to the theme under review and get ready to comment upon the content of each dictionary article separately:

Echocardiogram

(from SBD)

Echocardiogram is the record of an echocardiograph.

The ultrasound technique involves bouncing sound waves off the heart The sound waves are of such high frequency that they cannot be detected by human cars Using equipment that costs S 20,000,cardiologists can view the anatomical features of the heart in a form call an echocardiogram.

Thrombosthenin

(from SBD)

Thrombosthenin is contractile protein found in human blood platelets.

Investigators .. at the National Institutes of Health in Bcthcsda, Md , isolated actin and myosinlikc proteins in human blood platelets It is probably involved in coagulation

Spectrin

(from SBD)

Spectrin is a protein found in the membranes of red blood cells.

The two heaviest polypeptide components, with molecular weights of 255,000 and 220,000 are collectively known as spcctrin (Vincent T Marches! of the Yale University School of Mcdicine chose the name

27

bccausc he first isolated the components from “ghosts”, the membranes of red blood cells that have been chemically deprived of their hemoglo­bin). Spectrinc accounts for about a third of all the protein in the red-cell membrane.

Neovascularization

(from SBD)

Neovascularization is the growth or spread of new capil­laries in the body, especially in a tumour.

Neovascularization also seems to be important in some diseases other than cancer. For example, one would like to know why capillaries invade the vitreous humor of the eye in diabetes and overrun the cornea in trachoma, leading in both cases of blindness.

Task S. Choose the anatomic terms for the following:

1. The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, preventing a flow of blood into the atrium during systole. 2. The flaps on the valves. 3. A muscular wall which is between the two lower chambers of the heart. 4. A septum which separates the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. 5. The middle, the thickest layer of the heart wall. 6. A delicate membrane (double-folded) which surrounds the heart like a sac. 7. A thin outer layer of the heart wall. 8. The vein that carries (drains) blood from the upper part (portion) of the body. 9. The vein that carries blood from the lower part of the body. 10. A blood vessel that carries blood from some part of the body toward the heart. 11. A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the princi pal parts of the body. 12. The usual contraction of the heart. 13. The usual dilatation of the heart. 14. The main artery of the body which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to arteries in all organs and parts.

(a — superior vena cava; b — systole; c — aorta; d — mitral valve; e — vein; f — inferior vena cava; g — pericar­dium; h — interatrial septum; i — cusps; j — epicardium; k — diastole; 1 — myocardium; m — artery; n — interven­tricular septum)

Task 6. Choose the proper terms for the definitions:

1. The fluid part of blood, as distinguished from corpus­cles, used for transfusion. 2. Red corpuscles of blood. 3. White corpuscles of blood. 4. A group of very powerful hormones or hormonelike substances, found especially in semen and in menstrual fluid, that may be involved in control of blood pressure and other important body processes. 5. The process in a plant or animal by which living tissue is changed into waste products of a simpler chemical composition, the pro­cess of converting food into energy. 6. An important protein in erythrocytes which helps to carry the oxygen. 7. A waste product of catabolism of food in cells. 8. The function of these leukocytes is defense of the body against bacteria by means of phagocytosis. 9. Cells with a very large nucleus which ingest and destroy foreign material. 10. Tiny cells which are necessary for blood clotting.

(a — polys; b - monocytes, c — platelets; d - prostag­landin; e — plasma; f - erythrocytes; g — leukocytes; h — catabolism; i — hemoglobin; j — carbon dioxide (C0₂))

Task 7. Find the English equivalents for the Latin terms:

1. Circularis, e. 2. Circulatio, onis f. 3. Arteria, ae f (from Greek). 4. Vena, ae f. 5. Capillus, i m. 6. Humanus, a, um. 7. Corpusculus, i m. 8. Color, oris m. 9. Coagulo, are. 10. Nu- trio, ire. 11. Contego, ere. 12. Continuus, a, um. 13. Dissol- vo, ere. 14. Pars, partis f. 15. Communicatio, onis f. 16. Sep- aro, are. 17. Similis, e. 18. Valva, aef. 19. Ventriculus, i m. 20. Auricula, ae f.

(a — capillary; b — human; c - corpuscle; d — color; e —circulation; f — to nurish; g — vein; h — to coagulate; i — circulatory; j - artery; k — to separate; 1 — communi­cation; m — similar; n — valve; o — todessolve; p - part; q — continuous; r — to contain; s — ventricle; t - auricle)

Task 8. Use context clues in the following sentences to find the word in bold type and with a definition that best completes each sentence:

1. The aorta is the main ... of the systemic arteries. 2. Most of the arteries are composed of three .... 3. The blood vessels on the anterior... of the arm were dilated. 4. The walls of the left... are three times as thick as the walls of the right one.

5. Blood pressure is measured by a device called a ... . 6. Di­astole is the ... phase of the heartbeat. 7. Systole is the active ... phase of the heartbeat.

(a. Coats: the layers of a tissue; b. Ventricle: either of the two lower chambers of the heart which receive blood from the atria and pump it into the arteries; c. Surface: the outer face or exterior of an object; d. Relaxation: loosening, lessening of force, etc.; e. Vessel: a tube or duct containing or circulating a body fluid; f. Sphygmomanometer: an instrument consisting of a band wrapped around the upper

arm to compress the artery, and an attached manometer; g. Contraction: the drawing up and thickening of a muscle fiber or a muscle in action)

Clinical Terms

Task 9. Read and memorize these words, expressions and equivalents before you begin to do some clinical terms from the dictionary articles and a description of a case of successful réanimation of man after five cardiac arrests (clinical death developed S times) as a result of asystole:

to reverse [n'va:s] перешкоджати to incubate ['inkjubeit] вирощувати suspension [s3s'penf(a)n] суспензія to inhibit [in’hibit] заважати irritability [,irita'biliti] дратівливість anxiety [,aerj'zai3ti] занепокоєність fatigue [fs'trg] втома

undeterminable ['Andi't3:m(i)n3bl] невизначений

centripetal [sen'tripital] центробіжний

nausea ['norsjs] нудота

cyanotic [,saia'notik] ціанотичний, синюшний

oedema [i(:)'di:ma] набряк

hydrargyrum (Hg) [hai'dra:d3iram] ртуть

to reveal [rs'virl] виявляти

solution [ss'ljur/sn] розчин

index ['indeks] показник

indices ['indisi:z] показники

a chemical substance хімічна речовина

as a substitute for smth. як замінник чогось

blood transfusion переливання крові

a rare blood type рідкісна група крові

sickle-cell anemia (sicklemia) серповидно-клітинна

анемія або меніскоцитарна (від гр. meniskos, що означає

серповидний)

sickle-cells серповидні тільця

microwave sickness мікрохвильова хвороба

caused by low intensity microwave radiation спричинена

випромінюванням мікрохвиль

decreased efficiency знижена працездатність